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305 > Midsem > Flashcards

Midsem Flashcards

0
Q

Can viruses survive outside host

A

No

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1
Q

Are viruses the smallest infectious agent or smallest living organism

A

Smallest infectious agent

Not living

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2
Q

What are the two types of RNA and DNA

A

Single stranded and double stranded

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3
Q

Viral nucleic acid

A

Relies on host

Must be inside to live

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4
Q

Why do viruses need living cells to replicate

A

Lack cellular organelles - ribosomes

To produce viral proteins and replicate the need to hijack host cell

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5
Q

What are the three steps for PCR

A
  1. Denaturation for 1 min at 94 degrees
  2. Annealing for 45 secs at 54 degrees
  3. Extension for 2 mins at 72 degrees
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6
Q

What are the three lab methods for culturing viruses

A
  1. In cell culture
  2. In embryo acted eggs
  3. In laboratory animals
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7
Q

how does PCR work

A

Primers to bind to unknown DNA
Amplifier DNA
Sequenced
Compare sigh known sequence

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8
Q

How are viruses detected

A

Rash ect
History and current signs and symptoms
Immunofluovescence used to determine what virus is

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9
Q

Method of inhibition of viruses

A 
1. Filtration
     Filtered out viruses 
     Contamination of filter appears may occur
2. Radiation
     Denature DNA
     Uses cobalt - 60
     Dangerous to use
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10
Q

Methods of inactivation of viruses

A

Chemical:

  • detergents
  • alcohol
  • bleach
  • halogens
  • acids and alkalises
  • formaldehyde
  • pendics

Physical

  • heat more then 60 degrees for 30 mins
  • sterilisation
  • autoclaving
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11
Q

Characteristics of prion

A 
Causative agents
Can't be transmitted, inherited or idiopathes
Resistance to
- chemical disinfection
-heat
- DNA ase, rna ase, protienase
- uv light
- high temp autoclave
- survive in parasite
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12
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Not specific

Combat all pathogens

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13
Q

What is involved in innate immunity

A

1 surface barriers

- skin
- mucous membrane
- epithelial three parts
    1. Mechanical: mucosal and epidermal epithelium
    2. Chemical: mucous, sebrum, lyzosomes
    3. Microbiological: synthesize and excrete vitamins, prevent colonisation. By pathogens
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14
Q

Steps involved in inflammation

A
  1. Presence of dead cells attract phagocytes
  2. Presence of dead cells cause cytokine release, lipid mess and mediators of inflammation
  3. Causes recruitment of leukocyte
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15
Q

What is an antibody

A

A protein made by B cells which binds to antigens
Specific
Part of humoral immunity

16
Q

What is the variable region on an antibody

A

Where the antibodies bind

Top part of antibody

17
Q

What is crystallisable fragment of antibody

A

Same for same species
Interacts with cell surface receptors
Allows antibodies to activate immune system

18
Q

Characteristics of all immunoglobin agents igG, IgM, igA, igD, IgE

A

IgG- blood, lymph, CSF, perotineal fluid
Equally spread intra/extra vascular
Only ig to pass through placenta
Typical antibody shape

IgM- first produced after immunization of infection
High levels recent infection
First antibody made by fetus

IgA- external secretion (saliva, mucous, tears, b sweat)
Antiviral activity

IgD- low concentrations
Co-expressed with IgM
Autoimmunity

IgE- lowest secum concen
Active against parasites (worms)
Role in hypersensitivey reactions

19
Q

What is acquired immunity

A

Immunity our body gains over time
Generate antibodies that neutralize toxins
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
1. Specificity
2. Diversity
3. Discrimination between self and non self
4. Memory

20
Q

Difference between a primary and secondary response

A

Antibody response to infection starts with IgM

- look at graph

21
Q

What is immunological memory

A

Ability of lymphocytes to respond faster and more strongly to a re encounter of same antigen
Vaccination

22
Q

What is CD

A

Clusters of differentiation antigens
Cell surface molecules
Associated with growth stages
Phenotyping

23
Q

What are the two types of T cells

A

Helper T cells

Killer T cells

24
Q

What are co-receptors on T cells and what do they bind

A

Cd4 T cells

  • t helper cells
  • release cytokines
  • binds to MHD class II

cd8 T cells

  • killer T cells
  • releases cytolytic enzymes
  • binds to Mhc class I
25
Q

What cells have mhc1, mhc2, cd3, cd4, cd8

A

Mhc1: viral replication cells, bacterial cells, parasites,tumours and foreign peptides
Mhc2: dendritic cells, macrophages,b cells
Cd4: t helper cells
Cd8: killer T cells
Cd3: expressed on surface of mature T cells in association with co-receptor molecule

26
Q

What is the role of a cytokine

A

Regulation of immune system

27
Q

What are the three types of cytokines

A
  1. Autocrine: releases cytokine to affect its self
  2. Paracrine: effect on closer/adjacent other cells
  3. Endocrine: chemical that effects another part of body
28
Q

What are the five main categories of cytokines

A
  1. Cytokines regulate adaptive immune response
  2. Cytokines that induce differentiation on T cell
  3. cytokines that inhibit lineage specific T cell differentiation
  4. Cytokines that enhance inflammatory response
  5. Cytokines that effect leukocyte movement
29
Q

What is a viral capsid

A

Protein coat covering virus
Antigenic properties
Assist in attachment and entry
Protect nucleic acid from enzymes

30
Q

What is a virus genome

A 
A genome of virus is encoded in its nucleic acid
Composed of either RNA or DNA
Single or double stranded
Linear or circular
Positive or negative sense
31
Q

What are the three types of cell cultures for growing a virus

A
  1. Primary cell culture: embryonic tissue
  2. Secondary cell culture: cells derived from re-trypsin action
  3. Immortal cell culture: uses originate from tumor/cancer cells
32
Q

What are the replication stages of DNA and RNA

A
  1. Attachment: virus attaches to cell via protein
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
    1. Early transcription and translation
  5. Viral DNA synthesise
    1. Late transcription and translation
  7. Assembly of viroid
  8. Release
33
Q

What is cd3

A

Cluster of differentiation
Protein complex, four distinct chains
Associate with T cell receptor and 3 chain to generate activation signal in t lymphocyte

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