Mideterm 1 (Terms)

Question 1

Subjective vs Objective

Answer 1

A property X is subjective = df X has the power to enact/establish/manifest some sensory experience like psychological attitudes, response, but all that an observer has to some phenomenon.

X is Objective = df X is not subjective

Question 2

Lexical definition

Answer 2

A lexical definition is the one which is encountered in the dictionary/ everyday language used.

Question 3

Philosophical definition

Answer 3

Philosophical definitions aim to capture/display the sense or nature of some property

Question 4

Descriptive definition

Answer 4

A descriptive definition aimed to capture meaning as it already used in our language. Seeks to understand how everyone already uses and understand the word in our everyday communication. Describes the world as it is.

Question 5

Prescriptive definition

Answer 5

Prescriptive definition aim to reform or recommend/precisfy new definition of a word based on certain criteria, or linguistic norm. Compared to what is already being used in everyday communication

Question 6

Extensionally adequate

Answer 6

Extensionally adequate: Its definition in a philosophical sens (essense-sepcifying definition), must then capture everything in its domain and nothing else that it is trying to define. E.g. Triangle = dF 3-sided polygon

Question 7

Essence definition

Answer 7

An essence capture definition, should be explanatory , and it shouldaim to capture the nature of its defendium. Must be univocal and non-disjunctive.

Question 8

Univocity

Answer 8

There are certain terms or concepts who do not have a fixed meaning, rather depending on context and use(domains of discourse), its meaning could change. However, if a word/concept is UNIVOCAL, it does have a singular, unambigious meaning across different contexts, it does not change regardless of situation.

Question 9

Intentionally adequate

Answer 9

It can adequately capture a definition or theory its intended meaning/essence/concept, but I may not capture everything in its domain, nor can the definition capture all its possibilities. E.g “Birds can fly”

Question 10

Normative

Answer 10

The normatice refers to the perspective that deals with standards that are set, norms that we go by, it focus on how things ought to be, how we ought to behave, perform, represent based on some standard. We can evaluate. and be prescriptive

Question 11

Actual Intentionalism

Answer 11

Essentially that the meaning of an artwork a by artist S is precisely the meaning S intended, as that intention is expressed in A., The meaning that the author intended, is the actual meaning of the artwork. This assigns meaning to works of art, how we assign meaning to words and objects we interact with in our day to day lives.
OTHER: the CORRECT interpretation is that which reveals not only the interpreeation but also identifies and reveals the intention expressed in A

Question 12

Hypothetical Intetionalism

Answer 12

Identification of artwork lies within the audience, and what the audience would take the intention of the creator to be. What the author could have meant/intended. Audience constracts then solely on what is on the artwork itself.

Question 13

Intentional fallacy

Answer 13

Beardsalet and Wimsatt : The creator is not the authorative figure on the meaning of an artwork, rather, their intention is meant to server as a helpful piece of extrernal evidence that helps us find the meaning in the piece.

Question 14

Hermeneutics

Answer 14

The branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation; human understanding of what people say and do, and why. The interpretation of language whether written or spoken

Question 15

New Criticism

Answer 15

1. Once a work of art is published, it belongs to the public domain. 2)Once the artwork is in this domain, it is functionally and hermeneutically beyond the authority of the creator. 3) Thus the intention of the artists are then irrelevant to its interpretation. 4) Thus the artwork is isolated from its creator. 5) if 4 then NC, 6) so NC

Question 16

Taste

Answer 16

Per Hume’s Definition: Taste like Beauty is a secondary quality, a quality that is not in artects/things of themselves, rather it is a sentiment in the mind of the observer, in the mind of the contemplator. Per Kant, he thinks because taste is a mtter of pleasure,displeasure, it involves subjective feelings. But also speaks of a possible universal property since they all tend to seek a type of aesthetic harmony. he says that taste can be trained? And cultivated? Through its forms?

Question 17

Aesthetic Value

Answer 17

The quality or merit that something posses based on the ability to evoke certain aesthetic experiences, responses or judgement. And by aesthetics we mean the sesnsory. It is a normative property

Question 18

Naive Realism

Answer 18

It holds that there are two plausible assumptions about perception. It perceives the world exactly as it is. “As it is”. We all start as this.

Question 19

Universal vs Particulars

Answer 19

Universals:
Universals are general or abstract properties, qualities, or concepts that can be predicated of multiple individual objects or entities.
They are often considered to exist independently of the individual instances in which they are instantiated.
Examples of universals include qualities such as color (e.g., redness), shape (e.g., roundness), and concepts such as justice or beauty.
Philosophers have debated the ontological status of universals, with some proposing that they exist as abstract entities in their own right (Platonic realism), while others argue that they are merely mental constructs or linguistic conventions (nominalism).
Particulars:
Particulars refer to individual objects, entities, or instances that possess specific properties or qualities.
Unlike universals, which are general or abstract, particulars are concrete and exist as distinct entities in space and time.
Examples of particulars include individual objects such as a specific red apple, a particular round table, or a unique human being.
Particulars are often seen as the basic building blocks of reality, with universals being the qualities or properties that they instantiate

Question 20

Autographic

Answer 20

X is an autographic type iff even the most exact copy, or duplication of X cannot be considered a genuine instance of the work X. Like a sculpture, water colors, drawings, etc.

Question 21

Allographic

Answer 21

X is allographic art type, iff every exact duplicate of X also vounts as the same work. Like poems, plays, music, operas, dance .etc.

Question 22

Types and Tokens

Answer 22

Types:
Types refer to general categories, concepts, or classes that represent a set of similar or related entities.
They are abstract and serve as generalizations or templates for grouping together similar objects, ideas, or phenomena.
Types are often defined by shared characteristics, properties, or features that distinguish them from other types.
Examples of types include categories such as “mammals,” “birds,” “vehicles,” “colors,” “languages,” or “philosophical theories.”
Tokens:
Tokens, on the other hand, refer to specific instances or occurrences of a type.
They are concrete and represent individual examples or manifestations of a particular type.
Tokens are unique and exist as distinct entities in space and time.
Examples of tokens include specific objects such as “this particular cat,” “that specific car,” “the book you’re holding,” or “the word ‘apple’ written on this page.”

In practice:
Instantiation: Tokens are said to instantiate or exemplify types, meaning that they embody the characteristics or properties associated with a particular type.
Generalization: Types serve as generalizations that encompass multiple tokens sharing similar characteristics or properties.
Particularization: Tokens represent the individual instances or occurrences that fall within a particular type.

Question 23

DescriptiveVs Aesthetic Relativism

Answer 23

This merely observes and describes work of art through its diversity of aesthetic values without making evaluation on their values or validity or meaning. Unlike normative who takes all judgements as equally valid. Observant , cultural variation, individual vraiaiton, and historical variation all stand .

Descriptive: different societies/sub-cultures/ individuals have different attitudes
regarding (i) the moral permissibility of the same sorts of acts; or (ii) the beauty of various works of art.

Aesthetic: : When societies/sub-cultures/individuals differ in their aesthetic
judgements, their disagreements are not even in principle resolvable.