Middy Flashcards
Landmark for C1/Dens?
Mastoid Tip
The inferior angle of the scapula is at what vertebral level?
T6-T7
T or F
The PSIS is at the S4 level
False
S2
The midway sternal angle and xiphoid process is at what vertebral level?
T7
Where is the central ray aimed for an AP Pelvic?
Horizontally: At the ASIS @ 1.5 inches below the top of the iliac crest
Vertically: Midline of the body
Film size for AP Pelvic
17 x 14”
Horizontal/Landscape/X-wise
What should the collimation be for AP pelvic?
Show 1/4” unexposed borders
T or F
The feet should be externally rotated 15 degrees for AP pelvic
False
Internally
What does the AP lumbar (APL) demonstrate
T12-S1
Where do you aim the central ray for an AP lumbar?
1.5” above the level of the iliac crest from front to back
What does the AP Lumbosacral (APLS) demonstrate?
L2-Coccyx (to include SI joints)
What does the AP Lumbopelvic (APLP) demonstrate?
T12-Ischeal Tuberosities
Iliac Crests
Femoral head and necks
Where do you want the central ray for a Lateral Lumbosacral?
Top of the iliac crest
Vertically - between ASIS and PSIS
T or F
The breathing instructions for the Lateral Lumbosacral is to suspend expiration
True
T or F
You shoot into the convexity of the scoliosis on a lateral lumbosacral
False
Shoot into the cave
Central ray for AP Thoracic Spine (Dorsal) APD
Inferior border of scapula
CR to the centre of the film
Vertical - midline of body
What is the tube tilt for an AP Thoracic Spine
none!
sucka
What is the collimation for an APD?
To the spine laterally, show unexposed borders top and bottom
T or F
The breathing instructions for an AP Thoracic are to suspend expiration
FALSE
Suspend Inspiration
What does the AP Thoracic demonstrate?
Thoracic spine T1-T12
Ribs
Lung Fields
Sternum
CR for Lateral Thoracic (Dorsal) LD
Inferior border scapula
Vertical central ray, posterior to humeral head
Breathing instructions for the lateral thoracic?
Full inspiration
T or F
With a scoliosis and a lateral thoracic the concavity should be against the bucky
False
What are the aka’s for the Lateral Cervicothoracic view?
Swimmer’s
Twinning or Pawlow View
T or F
There is no tube tilt for the lateral cervicothoracic
False
Caudal 5 degrees
Patient position for the Swimmer’s view?
Patient’s coronal plane is rotated 10-20 degrees off of perpendicular to the bucky with the arm next to bucky flexed and the arm next to the tub extended
What is the film size for the Lateral cervical spine?
10” x 12 “
T or F
Lateral Cervical SID = 40”
False
72”
The central ray for a lateral cervical spine should be aimed at what level?
C4
What are the breathing instructions for the lateral cervical view?
Suspend after full exhalation
Describe what the collimation should be for the APOM
Collimation opening should be for acanthion to the mental point (mid chin) and the mastoid tips bilaterally
What is the SID for the APLC
SID = 40” or adjusted for Central Ray Angle
**move tube in 1” for every 5 degrees of central ray angle to maintain 40” SID
What is the tube tilt for the APLC
15 degrees cephalad
CR for the APLC?
Central ray should be entered at the level of C4 (top of Thyroid Cartilage) / above the adams apple.
When using body positioning markers what side do you mark?
Side against the bucky
T or F
The marker is placed in front of the spine for the anterior oblique projections
False
Behind
T or F
Oblique images should always be taken in a cervical spine series
False
Should be taken only when clinically significant.
Where is the marker placed for a posterior oblique projection?
In front of the spine
Where is the CR aimed for a lumbar oblique?
1” lateral to L3 spinous process on side closest to the tube.
Using the technique compensation rule when going from a large field to a significantly smaller field what must you do to the mAs?
Increase the mAs at least 50%
When doing a sacral oblique the patient is standing at approximately what degree angle?
30
What is step one for quality control for X-Ray Generating Equipment?
Acceptance Testing of new equipment
- should be done by a medical physicist prior to the machine being used.
Step 2 for QC?
Routine Performance Evaluation
- annual evaluation and routine maintenance based on manufacturer’s recommendations
Step 3 for QC?
Correction protocol should begin whenever any problems are detected with equipment
what are the 7 tests for quality control of equipment?
- Filtration
- Collimation
- Focal Spot size
- kVp calibration
- exposure timer accuracy
- exposure linearity
- exposure reproducibility
What part of the machine provides electrical power for the tube, and other parts of the machine?
Generator
What type of generator do we typically see in offices today?
High Frequency
T or F
For the annual generator and x-ray production test the kVp delivered during exposure must be within +/- 10% of the selected kVp
False
5%
What must the accuracy be for the exposure timer test?
Must be within +/- 5% for times greater than 10 milliseconds
* below 10 milliseconds +/- 20% is acceptable
What is the Exposure linearity test measuring?
The X-Ray units ability to produce a constant radiation output for the same mAs using different combinations of mA and time.
A dosimeter is used to measure radiation intensity which should be within +/- ?
10%
What is exposure reproducibility?
The same combination of kVp, mA and exposure time should produce the same density and contrast every time.
**test = make at least 3 exposures using the same technical factors, changing the factors between exposure
The 10 day rule for females of child bearing age refers to performing non-emergency abdominal pelvic X-Rays during…
the 10 days after the onset of menstruation
The feet must be internally rotated 15 degrees on the AP lumbo-pelvic projection to achieve?
True AP projection of the proximal femur
When choosing technical factors for radiographic projection it is important to consider this to avoid blur due to motion…
Choose high mA, short exposure time
The central ray for the lateral lumbosacral view is located horizontally and vertically from the ____ and ____
ASIS and ASIS
What is the correct order from the least radiopaque to the most?
air fat water bone metal
Xray photon production occurs at ____
anode
The lead protective housing controls leakage and scatter radiation through _____
absorption
According to the anode heel effect, the radiation intensity is _____
Greater on the cathode side
A Davis series refers to a series of what type of radiographs?
Cervical
T or F
The spinning top test is used to evaluate timer accuracy
True
T or F
The rectifier is located on a typical x-ray unit control panel
False
mA metre
kVp selector
Time selector
What is the minimum total amount of filtration (inherent plus added) required in the normal diagnostic x-ray machine?
2.5mm A1 equivalent
The most effective radiation protection device in the chiropractic x-ray area is?
Gonadal Shield
Proper measurement is necessary to set up what?
proper mAs
What is the purpose of the radiographic grid?
increase contrast on the film
What are the best ways to reduce the radiation dose to the patient?
Fast film/screen combination
Collimation as close to possible
Why are proper breathing instructions important on the thoracic and lumbar projections?
It allows proper density above and below the diaphragm
T or F
Gonadal shielding should be used on the male patient only for pelvis projections
False
Pelvis
Abdominal
Femur
T or F
As the distance from the radiation source increases, the radiation also increases
False
Radiation will decrease
What is the purpose of the swimmer’s view?
To view lower cervicothoracic junction
What can cause poor screen-film contact cause?
Damage cassette frame
Foreign body in cassette
Warped Cassettee front
The maximum energy any photon in any X-Ray beam is equal to…
the kV set on the console
The lateral lumbosacral view should visualize all of the following except: T12 pubic symphysis sacrum aorta IVF
Pubic Symphysis
The IVF’s in the lumbar spine are visualized through what projection?
Lateral lumbar
Where is the intensifying screen located?
Cassette
What is the function of the filter?
To remove softer X-Rays
