Middy 1 Flashcards
Complete the following relationship: genotype + <??> → phenotype
- Genotype + Environment=Phenotype
Write down one definition of fitness that you feel is as complete as possible.
The ability to complete all variations
Of physical activity without undue
strain on the body or mind
The question, “are you fit?” can only be correctly answered by the counter-question “fit for what?” Explain what this statement means.
You can’t be fit for everything
for instance a marathon runner
is fit for running marathons
but not heavy weight lifting
Describe the components of physical fitness.
Cardio endurance
Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Flexibility
Body Comp
What are the basic differences between health-related and performance-related components of physical fitness?
Health related deal with
being an overall healthy
human whereas Performance
is specific to a field
In Chapter 1 it was argued that separation of the components of fitness into health-related and performance-related components may not be an ideal model. Give one argument on this topic.
Balance and old People
falling and hip injuries
What are the four principles of physiologic conditioning?
- Overload principle
- Specificity Principle
- reversability principle
- Individual differences
What is supercompensation?
Where Your body becomes Stronger
From Your Physical activity
What is the most important individual factor in terms of an individual’s response to a training program? This question is not asking about the program but about the characteristics of the individual.
The fitness level Of the individual
What is the SAID principle?
Specific adaptions to imposed
demands - Demands must be
high enough to cause overload
Explain the overload principle using running as an example
You must run enough to
stress the body to cause
Over Compensation.
What does F.I.T.T. stand for?
Frequency, intensity, time, type
In terms of aerobic training effects, what is considered to be the most important factor — intensity, duration, or frequency? Explain.
Intensity, as long as frequency and time are relatively average (not extremely low or high) the deciding factor on the difficulty and effectiveness of the workout will be the intensity.
Using the FITTness formula, describe the components of an aerobic weight-bearing (such as running) program for a 28-year-old female. Show your calculations regarding exercise intensity. Be specific.
Frequency- since this is a moderate to vigorous activity she should aim for 3-5 days per week Intensity- 220- age(28) 192
60% of 192=115.2
90% of 192=172.8
Target heart rate should be between 115.2 and 172.8
19.2-28.8 Beats/10 seconds
Time-15-20 min after warming up and once heart rate is at least 115
Type- Aerobic activity (running)
Using the FITTness formula, describe the components of an aerobic swimming program for a 45-year-old male. Show your calculations regarding exercise intensity. Be specific.
Frequency- since this is a moderate to vigorous activity, he should aim for 3-5 days per week
Intesity- 220-age(45) 185
60% of 185=111
90% of 185= 166.5
Target heart range should be between 111 and 166.5 BPM
18.5-27.7 beats/ten seconds
Time- 15-20 min after warmup and once a heart rate of at least 111 is maintained
Type- aerobic activity (swimming)
Is it acceptable to apply an exercise prescription based on heart rate for running and cycling to swimming? Explain.
No, because running and cycling are different aerobic activities and are both done completely out of the water where oxygen is abundant, swimming is different in the sense that breathing is more of a skill to accomplish and therefore heart rate from cycling and running cannot be used to prescribe a swimming activity. It also elicits a lower heart rate per min because you are laying in water and your body does not need to pump blood against gravity
Explain the difference between the maximal heart rate and the heart rate reserve methods for determining exercise intensity.
Lower value is higher with the heart rate reserve method, this prevents going to easy or not stressing the system enough. Heart rate reserve method is more accurate although it requires knowledge of resting heart rate
Define the Karvonen (heart rate reserve) formula.
Uses resting heart rate and takes 50% and 85% of HRR (MHR- resting heart rate) + resting heart rate as its edges of heart rate usage. The idea behind this method is that it more accurately reflects the percentage of the maximal aerobic power at which you are working (). is because the percentage of your aerobic power and the percentage of your are not the same thing.
What is the problem with basing exercise intensity on predicted maximum heart rate?
Everyone’s maximum heart rate is different and it is hard to predict. If the estimation is to high then exercise will be top easy but if the estimation is too low it could cause health problems
What does RPE mean?
Rate of perceived exertion- uses heart rate divided by 10 to predict how hard you are working from 6-20 with 6 being nothing at all to 20 being Maximal exertion
Describe how to use the talk test.
It is used to determine the intensity of your workout. If you can sing at full volume the intensity is too low, if you can talk it is moderate intensity and if you can’t its vigorous intensity
Describe some common components of a warm-up program and a good cool-down program
Static as long as you do not need to be explosive and the dynamic warmup to increase body temp and get muscles loose so that you do not accelerate all at once.
Describe physiological benefits of a warm-up prior to exercise session.
- gradual increase in metabolic requirements
- increase in body temp
- prevent high muscle acidity
- gradual increase in deep muscle temp
Describe the physiological benefits of a cool-down after an exercise period.
-maintains the venous return to heart and brain
- maintains large blood supply to msucle
- hastles the removal of lactate from muscles
- reduces chances of spam or cramp
- allows heart rate and blood flow to gradually decrease to normal levels
- reduces concentrate of exercise hormones
Decreases chances of fainting or passing out and decreases risk of brain damage from changes in oxygen levels in the brain
Define both “flexibility” and “stretching”.
Flexibility- intrinsic property of body tissues which determines the range of motion () achiev-able without injury at a joint or series of joints
stretching - flexibility exercises classified as static, dynamic or PNF
List four benefits of maintaining adequate range of motion (flexibility).
- joint health
- reduction of low back pain and injuries
- reduction in DOMS
- Pain releif
- Athletic performance
- improved posture
- relaxation
What factors contribute to the range of motion of a joint?
Static and dynamic flexibility and range of motion
How can exercise limit flexibility?
muscle hypertrophy can limit flexibility if muscle-building regimen does not have a corresponding stretching plan. Resistance Training: limiting full ROM in resistance training can reduce flexibility.
What are banded distractions and what are their potential benefits?
Using a band to aid flexibility and range of motion. Increases length of muscle tissue and improves range of motion
What are you attempting to do with foam rolling?
It can help relieve muscle tightness, soreness, and inflammation, and increase your joint range of motion. It also is used to lengthen muscles
What are myofascial trigger points?
Trigger points/ contracted knots- tight muscle fibres
Compare static and dynamic stretching. State when you would use these methods.
Dynamic stretching involves actively contacting the muscles while static does not. Dynamic is best to do right before a workout and static is best to end a cooldown. Dynamic does more to increase heart rate while static does more to elongate muscle tissue
Discuss the arguments for and against including static stretching in a warm-up routine.
Static stretching is good for preventing injuries and increasing ROM, however are bad because can lead to less explosives if performing an explosive sport such as American football
Discuss the arguments for and against including ballistic stretching in a warm-up routine.
Description- Ballistic stretching shortly brings muscles at great length by employing fast and powerful movements. Contrary to static stretching, maximum muscle length is not maintained because the limbs move back immediately. An example of ballistic stretching is quickly swinging an extended leg forward until the movement is stopped by muscles and tendons that reach their maximum length.
Advantages
-Can be used as a warming up.
Disadvantages
-By activating the stretch refelx (myotatic reflex) the muscles can’t relax and range of motion does not increase.
-The large peak tension on muscles and tendons caused by the powerful bouncing movements increase risk of injury.
What are the ACSM position statement recommendations regarding flexibility exercises? List recommended duration, number of repetitions and weekly frequency.
2-3/ week–10-30 sec/ 2-4 times (accumulate 60 sec per stretch)
Briefly explain what is meant by Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching.
PNF is a stretching technique utilized to increase ROM and flexibility. PNF increases ROM by increasing the length of the muscle and increasing neuromuscular efficiency. PNF stretching has been found to increase ROM in trained, as well as untrained, individuals.
Explain lower-crossed syndrome. List one muscle prone to tightness and one prone to a stretch weakness.
Use of poor biomechanics that causes problems with the body and pain
Tight erector spine
Weak abdominal
Explain upper-crossed syndrome. List one muscle prone to tightness and one prone to a stretch weakness.
Use of poor biomechanics that cause problems with body and pain- Weak deep neck flexors, tight pectorals, Tightupper trapezius and levator scapula, Weaklower trapezius and serratus anterior
Joints alternate between the need for mobility and stability as we move up the chain. For example, the ankle needs increased mobility, and the knee needs increased stability. What are the primary needs of the following joints?
Hip
Lumbar spine
Thoracic spine
Shoulder joint
Scapula
Middle and lower cervical region
Upper cervical region
Elbow
Wrist
A. Stability
B. Stability
C. Stability
D. Mobility
E. Mobility
F. Mobility
G. Stability
H Mobility
I mobility
Differentiate between muscular strength & muscular endurance.
Muscular strengths is your 1 rep max
Or the maximum force you can
exert over a short period
whereas muscular endurance is
how long You can exert that
muscle for
How do you apply the overload principle to a resistance training program?
Increase weight {Intensity
-Increase reps
- Increase frequency
- Increase time
Using table 5.1, how many reps can a person do (theoretically) at 90%
4
Explain 3 methods to incur an overload in a RT program.
Increase weight
Increase reps
Decrease rest time between reps
Prescribe, using %1RM a RT range for the goal of hypertrophy.
85%-4-5reps
Discuss the advantages of using free weights.
Harder more muscle engagement and
stability requires
Cheaper then equipment
More skill
greater options
What is repetition velocity?
the Prescribed speed at which
You should be moving the
weight throughout each phase
of repetition
Explain the guidelines of “exercise order”
- primary exercises should precede
assistance exercises - multi joint exercises should
precede single Joint eremites - Larger muscular groups should
be exercised before smaller - Higher intensity before lower
intensity
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of experimental versus epidemiological studies for investigating the relationship between physical activity and health
Experimental is good for going
straight to the cause or testing
a hyp however epidemiological
study is better for dose
response
What criteria should be used to evaluate whether an epidemiological study is valid?
Assosiation between exercise and
health must be relatable
Assosiation between exercise and
health must be strong
must be logical
Start w/ logical hyp
What is a Randomized Control Trial (RTC) and why are they considered the gold standard for human exercise and health research?
RTC’s are randomly Detected and
large number trials to test
things on
gold standard because’.
Allocated to intervention groups
randomly
- Participants and researchers
remain unaware of which
was given treatment till
trial ends
- All groups treated identically
except for treatment
- Participants are normally analyzed
within the group they were
allocated regardless of whether
they experienced the intended
intervention
- Analysis intended on estimating
the size of the difference
in predefined outcomes between
intervention Group
“Correlation is not causation.” Explain the meaning of this statement with respect to research into human fitness and wellness.
Just because a result is
incurred there can be numerous
Discuss the process you would adopt to change a personal behaviour.
Build self efficacy and resilience, get
attainable goals and work towards
them without giving up
What does SMART goal setting mean?
Specific
Measurable
Acheivable
Realistic
Timely
Outline the strategies used to build resilience
-Recognize Your Signs of stress
- Focus on building Physical hardiness
- Strengthen Your relaxation response
- Identify and use Your strength,
- Increase Your positive emotions on
daily basis
- Engage in Purpose
- Practice Self Compassion
- Create a support team
Differentiate between growth mindset and fixed mindset
Answer in notability module 4
Give four reasons to conduct a fitness assessment on a client.
- motivating clients to train
- Monitoring progress
- Comparing client with Similar
age and gender - Determine exercise Perscription and
assess train ring program
A client tells you they believe fitness testing is only for elite athletes. How would you respond?
This is incorrect. Health and fitness
organ nations have batteries of tests
designed for Gen Pop. Doctors use
assesments all the time and it
is nearly a way of Quantifying
where you’re at for ur health
Define muscular power.
How much force Your muscles can
Produce over a short period of
time. Esencially their maximum
Power output
What is a sarcomere?
The basic contractile unit of muscle
Fiber. Composed of actin and myosin
Which are the structures responsible
for muscular contraction
What are the characteristics of Type IIa fibres?
Type 11A Fibers are still fast twitch
muscle fibers although they have Slightly
more endurance then type lie
fibers. These fibers allow us to
perform powerful short burst
activities
Which skeletal muscle fibre type is best suited for being used in endurance events such as the running 5,000-meter race? Briefly explain.
Type I muscle Fibers. These are
slow twitch muscles and allow
for longer endurance and will
help muscles to run for longer
periods of time
Describe the mechanisms that a whole muscle uses to vary the force of contraction from slight to maximal.
Muscle Size, Time course of contraction,
Muscle activation, Force length relationship,
Fore velocity relationship and Power
velocity relation ship, temperature
isometric contractions?
Isometric- muscle contraction without
motion. Don’t Change Length
either
How is an isotonic contraction defined?
Contractions that involve the shortening
of the muscle
Briefly explain why a muscle can produce the greatest amount of isometric force when it is at resting length.
At oestrus length The proteins
are at optimal length to
form the most cross bridge
formation, to Generate force
Draw a power-velocity curve for muscle.
See module 5 notes
Define muscular torque. Draw a typical torque-angle diagram for a human joint.
See muddle 5 notes
Distinguish between muscular strength and muscular endurance.
Muscular strength is your 1 rep max
Or how much force you can
primarily Put out
muscular endurance- how long or
how many reps You can do
at a certain weight
Briefly explain the sliding filament theory.
Siding of actin past myosin
generates muscle tension, produces force and shortens
Compare the characteristics of fast-twitch motor units versus slow-twitch motor units.
Table 9. I
Which skeletal muscle fibre type is best suited for being used in sprint and short duration power events such as the 100-meter sprint and throwing? Briefly explain.
type Ila/type II X
Explain the all-or-nothing-law in the context of muscle contraction.
When a motor unit receives a
Stimulus Of Sufficient intesity
to bring forth a response all
the muscle fibers will contract
at the same time to maximal
extent
Distinguish between concentric and eccentric muscle contractions and give an example of a movement or activity in which each type of contraction is used.
Concentric when muscle shrinks and contracts at same time- bicep curl
Excentric when muscle expands and contracts at same time- walking down stairs
Draw a force-length relationship of a human muscle cell (sarcomere). On this diagram show where most muscle operate in normal human movement.
Chapter 9.3 tables
Draw a force-velocity curve for muscle.
Tables 9.5 and 9.6
At approximately what percentage of maximum isometric forces does peak muscular power occur?
30% or one third
What are the six fundamental movement patterns?
Hinge
Squat
lunge
push
pull
carry
Briefly explain the difference between fundamental movement skills and fundamental movement patterns.
Fundamental movement skills have to
do with Your every day life
such as motor skills and are
more of a Combination of
coordination and musular power
and endurance where as movement)
Patters are things we do to
exert physical activity
Pick one fundamental movement pattern from the videos and provide 4 or 5 coaching cues relevant to that movement.
squat
- feet a little wider then Shoulder
width
- Start with knee riding forward,
then sit between ankles
- Head in line with abdominal,
- Squat as deep as You can
control
Define the terms “aerobic” and “anaerobic.”
aerobic- relating to or denoting exercise to
improve efficiency of body’s
cardiovascular system in absorbing
and transporting oxygen
anerobic- Short fast high intensity exercises
(without that don’t make your body use
oxygen) oxygen like cardio
What is ATP?
Atp- The source of energy for use and
storage at cellular level
What is the immediate energy source for muscle contraction?
ATP- adenosine triphosphate
Describe the principle of coupled reactions.
The energy released by one chemical
reaction is used to drive another
Creatine kinase → ATPase
What is the most important variable in determining which energy system is being utilized? Why?
Intensity (Power output) Because it’s about
how long you Could Sustain that power
output for not how long you do
What are the three energy systems?
The phosphasen system (ATP-Petalactate)
The glycolytic system (anaerobic glycosis)
The oxidative system (aerobic)
Some researchers break these three systems into smaller sub-groups. Figure 11.4 in the text showed five energy system curves (as opposed to three). What are these five?
ATP
CP
Anerobic glycosis
Aerobic glycosis (Cito)
Aerobic lipolysis (fat)
Draw the three energy systems on a graph of power versus time.
Module 6 notability
Compare and contrast the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of muscle glycogen. Include as much detail as possible in your answer.
Aerobic- frees glucose molecules that
muscle cells then oxidize to
Produce ATP
Anerobic - oxidation of carbohydrates is
the anerobic breakdown of
muscle glycogen and blood
glucose to the Pyruvate, whic
is converted to acetyl-CoA
which enters Krebs
cycle
What is local muscle fatigue and what causes it?
A decrease in Your muscles ability to
perform over time… Either blood
being pumped to wrong part or
body or too much strain and
acid build up (Krebs cycle) in
that part of body
What is the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain is a series
of four proton completes that couple
redox reactions to create an electro
mechanic hat grade that leads to
Production of ATP
What are mitochondria?
The powerhouse of the cell - membrane
cell bound organelles that Generates
most of the chemical energy to
power the cell
Summarize the steps in the oxidation of fat.
Fats → fatty acids, Beta- oxidization → Acetyl-CoA
Krebs cycle
In oxidative metabolism, which fuel is more efficient in terms of producing ATP – carbohydrates or fats?
Carbohydrates
Which energy system has the greatest capacity to produce ATP?
Oxidative system
Which energy system can produce ATP the fastest?
Phosphasen system
Briefly describe the role protein plays in exercise metabolism.
used as building blocks to repair
tissue. If Amino Acids are in excess
they metabolize to glycogen or fat
and are used for energy metabolism.
↳ enters Krebs cycle to produce Etc
↳ Final products: (Or, Water, ATP,
Urrea, Amonia
How can one determine which energy systems predominate in any sport or activity?
Based on the intensity of the
activity being performed. How long
could they sustain that activity
for
What are the primary metabolic demands of the following sports? Use the terms high, medium, and low to describe the involvement of each energy system.
Marathon running.
Baseball.
Springboard diving.
Soccer.
Volleyball.
a) oxidative system - High oxidative
low Phosphasen
low Glycotic
by glycotic System - med Oxidative
med Glycotic
low Phosphasen
c) phosphasen System - High Phosphasen
low Ctycotic
low oxidative
d) Glycotie - med oxidative
Med colycotie
low ATP
What is EPOC?
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Describe the various processes that are occurring in the body during the first hour of recovery from strenuous exercise.
Restoration of ATP and CP
Epoc rapid phase
Removal of lactate from muscle and
blood (exercise and rest recovery)
Epoc Slow Phase
What is the name of the training zone lies between LT1 and LT2?
Tempo (heavy)
What happens when your exercise intensity rises above LT2?
Exponential rise in Plasma lactate
↳ very high intensity
What happens to lactate that enters the blood stream?
Once lactate enters blood stream it
can also circulate to cardiac
cells. During heavy exercise lactate
becomes perfered fuel of heart.
one cell can Provide fuel to
another
If you got up from your seat and sprinted for 400 metres, what would be the predominant energy system and the predominant fuel that you would use? Explain.
Glycogenic energy phoshocreatine
At the end of a 400-metre sprint, your legs would feel heavy and you would generally feel unpleasant. Explain why? What could you do to help yourself recover more quickly? Explain.
lactic acid build UP in muscles
↳ run for a while at a slow
Pace to help recover
What is the cause of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
High intensity exercise can cause
tiny tears in muscles. which
can cause inflammation and may
lead to Doms
Distinguish between muscle fatigue and neural fatigue.
Muscle- lacks ability to contract
neural- limitations of nerve to get consistent signals through to brain
Does fatigue have a psychological component? Briefly explain your answer.
Yes, your body is asking you to stop because it is in pain and uncomfortable
What is the name of the blood vessel that enters the right atrium and carries blood from the head and arms?
Superior Vena Cava
What is the name of the large artery by which blood leaves the left ventricle?
Aortic Valve- Aerota
Differentiate between the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation carries oxygenated blood to the lungs and then sends the deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Systemic circuit carries oxygen poor blood to the rest of the body and then returns the oxygen rich blood to the heart
Differentiate between arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Arteries- Blood vessels that bring oxygen rich blood from your heart to all body cells
Capillaries- small blood vessels that transport blood nutrients and oxygen to body
Veins- Blood vessels throughout body that collect oxygen poor blood and return it to the heart
Define the terms “cardiac output” and “stroke volume.” What are typical resting parameters for each of these parameters?
Cardiac output- Amount of blood pumped into heart by either left or right ventricle. Measured in litres per min
Stroke volume- Amount of blood pumped into heart by either left or right ventricle per beat. Measured in milliliters per beat
Cardiac output normal resting rate is 5.4L/min
Stroke Volume normal resting rate is 75ML/Beat
What is the skeletal muscle pump?
During vigorous exercise, skeletal muscle pump will help maintain venous flow of blood back to heart
Describe the physical principle involved in the processes of inspiration and expiration.
Air flows in diaphragm flattens and ribs move up and out
Air flows out ribs move down and in and diaphragm domes up
Air molecules move from high pressure area to low pressure area
Explain the process that occurs in the alveoli.
Diffusion- random motion of molecules from high areas of concentration to low areas of concentration. As blood with low oxygen and high CO2 enters the alveoli oxygen if diffused to blood and CO2 is diffused to lungs
Describe how minute ventilation changes during exercise of progressively increasing intensity. Drawing a graph will help in your explanation. On that graph draw the approximate point where you would fail the talk-test.
Harder the exercise the heavier your will need to breath. You will fail talk test at approximately 75% of your max output (V02 max) or 85% of MHR
What are the two major components of blood?
Plasma(55%) and Erythocytes(45%)
What is hemoglobin?
An iron containing protein that reversible binds with oxygen molecules
Describe the major blood flow changes that occur during exercise.
85% of blood flow to skeletal muscles instead of 15 to 20 at rest
Increased blood pressure
• Dilation of arterioles in working muscles, due to relaxation of smoothmuscle in the walls of the arterioles
• Decreased blood flow to other tissues, such as the viscera (liver, stomach,intestines, and kidneys), and to non-working muscles, due to constric-tion of arterioles in these regions. Blood flow to these areas can be de-creased by up to during severe exercise. Critical areas, such as thebrain, are spared vasoconstriction, and blood flow actually increases.Blood flow to the heart and the muscles involved in respiration increasesdue to the extra work required. Skin blood flow also increases duringexercise in order to dissipate heat.
Write down the Fick (oxygen transport) equation.
Oxygen Uptake=Cardiac output X (arterial mixed venous oxygen difference)
What would increase your maximum oxygen uptake the best: a 30-minute slow steady run or ten 400-metre sprints with 2 minutes recovery in between? Explain your choice.
400 M sprints with 2 min recovery because you increase your VO2 max by exercising close to maximum HR
Explain why the ability of the heart to produce a high stroke volume is a prerequisite for good endurance performance.
Because increasing stroke volume is much more efficient then increasing heart rate and therefore people with better SV will have a lower HR and will perform better in endurance events
List the most important physiological factors that determine VO2 max.
The ability of the heart to pump a high cardiac output ()
• the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (hemoglobin content)
• the ability of the working muscles to accept a large blood supply (amountof capillarization within a muscle)
• the ability of the muscle cells (fibres) to extract oxygen from the capil-lary blood and use it to produce energy. (We briefly discussed cellularfactors such as mitochondria and enzymes in the production of energyfor muscular contraction in Chapter .)
Why do males, on average, have higher VO2 max values than females?
Because men can decrease the rate of decline of V02 Max but women can’t
If you look at the highest VO2 max values ever recorded a lot of the athletes are Nordic skiers. Why does cross-country skiing have some of the highest values?
Use more muscle groups then runners or cyclists so there are more muscles working and extracting oxygen
Describe factors other than VO2 max and its components (e.g., stroke volume) that are important determinants of distance running performance.
Aerobic or lactate threshold
Individual variation in mechanical efficiency
Belief and focus
Avalible fuel
Correct training and recovery cycles
In terms of heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and endurance time, compare the response of an untrained subject and an endurance athlete to running on a treadmill in an exercise protocol where the speed is progressively increased each minute until the subject is exhausted.
Elite athletes will have, lower HR max, way higher SV max, a longer endurance time, a bigger oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and a much higher cardiac output
A national-level cyclist and a national distance runner may have identical VO2 max values, but the runner isn’t capable of performing at a national level in a bicycle race and the cyclist isn’t capable of performing at a high level in running. Why not? Explain.
Because you do not only have one VO2 max, it varies for different actives and the principle of specificity suggests that we may have a high VO2 max for something and it may be lower for a different activity
The highest recorded VO2 max values are supposedly 97.5 ml.kg-1.min-1 for males and 78.6 ml.kg-1.min-1 for females. Does that mean that both those athletes will win every race they go in? Briefly explain your answer.
No, because as stated before V02 max and its components are not everything for a race, other components play a factor as well and those will make a difference
Define the following terms:
a-v O2 difference
VO2 max
Myoglobin
a-v O2 difference- measured of the amount of oxygen taken up from the blood by the tissues
VO2 max- max oxygen your body can use during exercise
Myoglobin- protein found in skeletal muscle, function to supply oxygen to cells in your muscles
