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MicroImmuno Exam 3 > Middleton Childhood Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Middleton Childhood Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the genome type of the Measles virus?

A

(-)ssRNA

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2
Q

Is the measles virus enveloped?

A

yes

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3
Q

What type of virus is the measles virus?

A

paramyxovirus

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4
Q

Does the measles virus require a nucleus to replicate?

A

no. this is typical of ssRNA genome’d viruses

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5
Q

What must be done to (-)ssRNA viruses in order to produce the proteins?

A

mRNA synthesis must occur within the host cell’s cytoplasm

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6
Q

How is measles transferred?

A

inhalation of aerosolized droplets

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7
Q

What is the incubation period for the measles virus?

A

10-14 days

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8
Q

What is secondary viremia?

A

secondary viremia is when certain symptoms coincide with the second round of virus replication. This is in contrast to primary viremia. With the measles virus, primary viremia happens in the respiratory tissues and secondary happens in the tonsils, lungs, GI tract, and spleen

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9
Q

How many days must pass with measles until recovery starts to happen?

A

20 days

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10
Q

What is the most deadly of the childhood rash/fever diseases?

A

measles

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11
Q

What are Koplik spots and what causes them?

A

They are the blemishes associated with measles virus and are a result of the virus toxin as well as the body’s immune response to the virus

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12
Q

What is the mechanism by which measles suppresses the human immune system?

A

it interferes with the CD46 ligand and signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptors (BO outlaw was one of only 4 NBA players to wear the number 46, he could slam, and also had measles)

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13
Q

Children who are vitamin A deficient and contract measles are at risk for what?

A

blindness. There are also a couple of other rare things that can happen with measles that may be on the test including ADEM and SSPE

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14
Q

To diagnose measles, what two symptoms should you look out for?

A

1) 2-3 days of fever, cough, & conjunctivitis

2) rash (Koplik spots) of small bright red spots with bluish centers on buccal mucosa

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15
Q

What is the R0 (r nought) value for measles?

A

1 —-> 15-20

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16
Q

When are people most infectious with measles?

A

2-3 days before the rash shows

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17
Q

Do we have a vaccination for measles?

A

yes (live attenuated vaccine). Note that there are no antivirals for the disease

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18
Q

What type of virus is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and what is its genome and virion like?

A

it is a paramyxovirus ((-)ssRNA) with an enveloped virion and the same type of replication cycle as measles (rna polymerase included with it)

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19
Q

What type of cells does respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infect?

A

ciliated cells in the respiratory tract (because of the lower temp). Note that the virus buds from the cellular surface

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20
Q

What is a fomite?

A

inanimate object such as a doorknob that can transmit viruses

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21
Q

When does recovery occur from RSV?

A

7-12 days after symptom onset (virus is especially dangerous for children because their immune system is immature)

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22
Q

Is there a vaccine for RSV?

A

no. there are no antivirals either

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23
Q

What is VZV most commonly known as and what type of virus is it?

A

It is an alphaherpesvirus which means that it contains dsDNA (large genome), is enveloped, and is best known as chickenpox

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24
Q

Does VZV need to enter the nuclus of the host cell?

A

yes because it has dsDNA

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25
Q

Are large genome viruses such as this more fast replicating or slow?

A

slower

26
Q

How is VZV transmitted?

A

inhalation of aerosol

27
Q

When do VZV symptoms start and what are they?

A

10-21 day incubation, symptoms include fever, rash 1-2 days after symptom onset, recovery after 2 weeks of first symptom onset

28
Q

What is the mechanism for the VZV vaccine?

A

it interferes with genome replication and cannot eliminate latent virus (virus already in cell)

29
Q

Describe poliovirus

A

it is a picornavirus (+)ssRNA, non-enveloped

30
Q

does poliovirus need the nuclus of the host?

A

no, but it does turn off transcription in the nucleus so that it can hijack to the cell

31
Q

How does poliovirus exit the cell?

A

it exits via cell lysis

32
Q

What part of the body does polio affect?

A

it is primarily a GI virus that affects the small intestine. It is usually a mild disease that results in fecal shedding of virus for 6 weeks (virus can be spread via speces). 1 in 200 infections affect the CNS and result in tissue damage that results in paralysis

33
Q

How is polio spread?

A

infected food or water

34
Q

Is there a polio vaccine?

A

yes, we use a killed vaccine. Humans are the only reservoir and the virus is a target for total eradication

35
Q

Describe rotavirus

A

reoviridae (dsRNA), non-enveloped virion

36
Q

How does the rotavirus replicate?

A

It replicates inside the host cell but because it already has dsRNA, it does not need to ever expose its genome. The virus’s mRNA gets exposed out of the virus’s “turrets” and proteins are made in that way

37
Q

How does rotavirus exit the host cell?

A

membrane disruption

38
Q

How is rotavirus contracted?

A

ingestion of material containing virus

39
Q

what are the symptoms and recovery times for rotavirus?

A

incubation of 2 days (vomiting and fever), diarrhea 2-3 days after vomiting, 3 to 8 days in duration, virus shedding for weeks before symptom onset and days after recovery. Diagnosed by antigens in stool

40
Q

Is there a vaccine for rotavirus?

A

yes… no antiviral available however

41
Q

What do hepatitis viruses target?

A

liver. infect and replicate in hepatocytes

42
Q

Which hepatitis virus type is not transmitted from parent to child?

A

Hep A

43
Q

Which hep viruses can be transmitted via fecal-oral?

A

A and E

44
Q

Which hep viruses can be transmitted sexually?

A

all of them

45
Q

which hep viruses can be transmitted from parents

A

B,C,D

46
Q

What are the three most common hep viruses in order of most to least?

A

B, A, C

47
Q

What is the genome type of the hep b virus?

A

dsDNA (smallest genome of the human viruses), enveloped, hepadnaviridae

48
Q

Does hep b enter the nucleus of the host cell?

A

yes, it must enter the nucleus to complete the circle of dna which will then serve as a template for transcription

49
Q

What is the incubation period for hep b

A

30-180 days, malaise, anorexia, vomit, fatigue, cough, jaundice. recovery 3-4 months after incubation

50
Q

How often does chronic hep b occur?

A

5% of cases. sporadic episodes of hep b, increased risk for liver cancer, cirrhosis of the liver

51
Q

Is there a hep b vaccine?

A

yes, but it is not effective against chronic infection (people who already have the virus)

52
Q

Which hep virus is a “subviral agent”

A

hep d. This means that it can only replicate in the presence of another virus (HBV)

53
Q

describe hep C virus

A

flaviviridae (+)ssRNA, enveloped

54
Q

Does hep c need a nucleus?

A

no, because it is +ssRNA

55
Q

how often do people become chronically infected with HCV?

A

80% of the time (virus is much milder than HBV however)

56
Q

Is there a HCV vaccine?

A

no. It is an extrahepatic disease. interferon treatment for chronic infections

57
Q

describe the HAV infection and symptoms/recovery

A

infection from fecally contaminated food/water, incubation of 15-40 days, symptoms include jaundice, anorexia, vomiting, recovery in 8 weeks following infection

58
Q

is there a hep a vaccine?

A

yes

59
Q

is there a hep E vaccine?

A

no

60
Q

What is important about hep viruses versus other types of viruses?

A

they have a very long incubation time, they have a large possibility for chronic infections, and can cause long term liver damage (sequelae)

MicroImmuno Exam 3 (5 decks)

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