Middle Medistinum Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum location

A

Located between the lungs, sternum, diaphragm, and verterbral column.

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2
Q

Mediastinum components

A

Heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph vessels and nodes, nerves, vessels, and connective tissue.

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3
Q

Superior Mediastinum

A

Superior to a “line” above the T4/T5 intervertebral disc

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4
Q

Anterior Mediastinum

A

Between body of sternum and pericardial sac, superior to the diaphragm and inferior to the superior mediastinum

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5
Q

Posterior Mediastinum

A

Between pericardial sac anteriorly & T5-T12 vertebrae posteriorly

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6
Q

Middle Mediastinum

A

Pericerdial sac, heart, roots of the great vessels, phrenic nerve, pericardiacophrenic vessels, arch of azygos, and main bronchi

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7
Q

The heart is surrounded by the _____________

A

Pericardial sac

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8
Q

Pericardial sac is bound to the ____________

A

central tendon of the diaphragm

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9
Q

Pericardial sac is fused with the ___________

A

tunica adventitia (externa) of the great vessels

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10
Q

Pericardial sac anchors the __________

A

heart in the mediastinum

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11
Q

Pericardial sac prevents _________

A

overstretching of the heart

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12
Q

Outer surface of the pericardial sac

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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13
Q

Inner surface of the pericardial sac

A

Serous pericardium (parietal layer and a visceral layer)

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14
Q

Pericardial Fluid

A

Located between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium to allow the heart to move and beat in a frictionless environment

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15
Q

What supplies blood to and from the pericardial sac?

A

Pericardiophrenic vessels

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16
Q

What supplies blood to the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Coronary arteries

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17
Q

What drains blood from the serous pericardium?

A

Cardiac veins

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18
Q

Main source of sensory fibers (for pain sensations) to the pericardial sac?

A

Phrenic nerves (C3, C4, C5)

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19
Q

Provides sensory fibers to the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

Vagus Nerves

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20
Q

Apex of heart

A

pointed inferolateral, tip of left ventricle

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21
Q

Base of heart

A

Superior end of the heart, where great vessels enter/exit the chambers (mainly left atrium)

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22
Q

Epicardium

A

thin, transparent and adheres to the heart

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23
Q

Myocardium

A

muscular wall of the heart, cardiac muscle tissue responsible for the hearts pumping action

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24
Q

Endocardium

A

Provides smooth lining of the inside of the heart chambers and covers the valves of heart

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25
Q

internally separates the 2 atria

A

interarterial septum

26
Q

internally separates the 2 ventricles

A

interventricular septum

27
Q

internally separates the top and bottom halves of heart

A

atrioventricular (av) valves

28
Q

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

29
Q

located between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

bicuspid/mitral valve

30
Q

Abnormal sound that consisted of blowing or vibrating noise cause by turbulent heart flow

A

heart murmur

31
Q

A heart murmur may indicate __________

A

a valve disorder (usually mitral valve)

32
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

occurs as the right side of the heart pumps oxygen poor/deoxy blood to the air sacs/alveoli of the lungs

33
Q

Systemic circuit

A

occurs as the left side of the heart pumps freshly oxygenated/oxygen-rich blood into systemic circulation to all tissues of the body

34
Q

Separates the smooth muscle from the pectinate muscle inside the atria

A

Crista Terminalis

35
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the

A

capillaries around the walls of the lung alveoli, there the segmental arteries divide

36
Q

Blood flow through the pulmonary and systemic circulation

A
  • Flows into the heart (Low O2) via inferior/superior vena cava and coronary sinus to the right atrium
  • Through tricuspid valve of right ventricle
  • Through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs
  • CO2 is given off and O2 is taken up in capillaries/alveoli
  • Blood flows into the heart from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
  • Through bicuspid valve to left ventricle
  • Through aortic semilunar valve into the ascending aorta, then into various parts of the body
37
Q

Blood supply to the myocardium is called the __________

A

coronary/cardiac circulation

38
Q

Supplies blood to the myocardium and epicardium

A

coronary arteries

39
Q

Travels left along the right ventricle toward the apex

A

right marginal branch

40
Q

travels in the posterior interventricular sulcus toward the apex on the diaphragmatic side

A

posterior interventricular artery

41
Q

travels in the anterior interventricular sulcus then around the apex

A

Anterior interventricular artery

42
Q

Travels posteriorly in the coronary sulcus

A

circumflex artery

43
Q

Narrowing of the coronary arteries sufficiently to prevent adequate blood supply to the myocardium

A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

44
Q

thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls

A

Arteriosclerosis

45
Q

Deposition of plaque in the walls of medium and large arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

46
Q

Heart attack! part of blood supply becomes blocked and cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen

A

Ischemia/Myocardial Infarction/MI

47
Q

What innervates the cardiovascular system?

A

the autonomic nervous system

48
Q

Where is the cardiac plexus?

A

…………………

49
Q

Nerve signals and hormones do __________ but do not ________.

A

modify the heartbeat; establish the fundamental rhythym

50
Q

self excitable cells

A

auto-rhythmic cells

51
Q

What is the function of the auto-rhythmic cells?

A

to repeatedly generate action potentials (impulses) that trigger heart contractions

52
Q

The ________ ensures that the cardiac chambers contract in a coordinated manner

A

conduction system

53
Q

Components of the conduction system

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, & the conducting cells

54
Q

Path of the Conduction System

A

slide 49
1-AutoRyth cells initiate cardiac AP (Atria Contract)
2-AV node receives APs from SA node
3-AV Bundle/Bundle of His receives APs from AV node
-Rt&Lft bundle branches receive APS from AV bundle
4-Rt&Lft bundle branches send APs tot he cardiac muscle cells (Purkinje fibers) that control and coordinate the heartbeat
5-Purkinje fibers send APs to the myocardium of the ventricles; the ventricles contract

55
Q

Contraction

A

Systole

56
Q

Relaxation

A

Diastole

57
Q

all the activites of the heart through one complete “heartbeat”

A

Cardiac Cycle

58
Q

device that can detect electrical currents generated by the heart from the surface of the body; records data as an _______

A

Electrocardiograph; electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

59
Q

Cardiac Plexus

A

-receives both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic fibers

60
Q

Location of the Cardiac Plexus

A

superior to the pulmonary trunk bifurcation, anterior to the tracheal bifurcation, and posterior to the ascending aorta

61
Q

Origin of the Cardiac Plexus

A

Symp: inneravation arises form cervical and upper thoracic ganglia of sympathetic trunks
Parasymp: innervation comes from vagus nerve

62
Q

Function of the Cardiac Plexus

A

Symp: stimulation causes increased heart rate and force of contraction, and dilation of coronary arteries
Parasymp: stimulation causes reduction of HR and force of contraction, and constriction of coronary arteries