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Global Studies > Middle East > Flashcards

Middle East Flashcards

1
Q

Geographically

A

19-23 countries

  1. North Africa
  2. Southeast Asia
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2
Q

Language

A

Majority: Arabic
Minority: Berber, Farsi, Hebrew, Turkish

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3
Q

Religion

A

Majority: Islam
Minority: Judaism & Christianity

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4
Q

Ethnicity

A

Majority: Arab (👈🏼 not a race)
Minority: Jews, Persians, Turks( 👈🏼not Arab countries)
No Country: Kurds

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5
Q

Hijab( ArabicHajaba: to cover)

A

Behavior, manners, speech, and appearance (more than a piece of cloth)

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6
Q

Why do Muslim women choose to wear hijab?

A
  1. To not be judged based on physical appearance
  2. It is in the Qu’ran
  3. To be viewed for their intellect and character
  4. For female empowerment
  5. Modesty
  6. To demonstrate Religious Identity
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7
Q

4 Earliest Civilizations in the World

A
  1. China: Yellow/Yangtze River
  2. Indus Valley: Indus River
  3. Egypt: Nile River
  4. Mesopotamia: Tigris/ Euphrates River
    • Iraq: Modern day Mesopotamia
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8
Q

Pre - Islamic Empires/ Civilizations of Middle East

A
  1. Sumarians
  2. Egyptians
  3. Hittites
  4. Israelites
  5. Assyrians
  6. Babylonian
  7. Persians
  8. Macedonians
  9. Romans
  10. Byzantines
  11. Islamic Empire
  12. Mongols
  13. Ottoman Empire
  14. European Colonialism
  15. Independent Nations
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9
Q

Foreign Rulers

A

Macedonians
Romans
Byzantines

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10
Q

Islamic Empires

A

Expanded Islam from Spain/North Africa to Central Asia

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11
Q

Ottoman Empire

A

Last empire of the Middle East

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12
Q

European Colonialism

A

Left after WWII

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13
Q

Fairly New Civilizatins

A

Islamic Empire
Ottoman Empire
European Colonialism
Independent Nation States

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14
Q

2 Branches of Islam

A

Sunnie
Shi’ite

Iran & Islam: predominantly Shi’ite

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15
Q

Sunni

A

85-95% (majority)

Any qualified muslim can become a leader

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16
Q

Shi’ite

A

10-15% (minority)

Blood descendants of Muhammad can become a leader

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17
Q

Salaam

A

Peace

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18
Q

Islam

A

Submission to the will of God

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19
Q

Shiara

A

Law

- Saudi Arabia, Iran

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20
Q

Jihad

A

To sturggle

  • greater: struggle within oneself
  • lesser: outward struggle against evil
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21
Q

5 Pillars

A
  1. Belief in one true God
  2. Muslims pray 5 times a day
  3. Charity and Almsgiving
  4. Ramadan: Fasting, Eid-celebration end of Ramadan
  5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca
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22
Q

1900

A

Abraham

  • Ur, Mesopotamia
  • Move your people from Ur to Canaan ( promise land)
  • Famine forces Israelites out into Egypt
  • Enslaved for 4 centuries
23
Q

1200

A

Moses

  • leads Israelites out of slavery and back to Canaan
  • split into two kingdoms( Israel, Judah)
24
Q

2 Israelite Kingdoms

A

Northern: Israel
Southern: Judah

25
Q

722

A

Assyrians

  • Conquer Israel
  • Scattered and lose Jewish Identity
26
Q

586

A

Babylonians

  • Conquer Judah
  • Exile the to Babylon( maintain Jewish Identity )
  • 1st Jewish Diaspara
27
Q

Diaspara

A

Group of people who have been dispersed from their homeland.

28
Q

538

A

Persians(Cyrus the Great)

  • conquer Babylonians
  • Allowed Israelites to return
29
Q

0

A

Roman Empire

30
Q

66-70

A

Jewish Revolt against Roman empire

  • Romans Exile Jews to Europe
  • 2nd Diaspora
  • Renamed Jewish Homeland to Palestine
31
Q

300-399 (4th century)

A

Roman Empire (Constantine)
- makes christianity legal in Europe
- Further persecute Jewish Diaspora living in Europe
-

32
Q

Summary of Jewish Narrative

A

Enslaved 👉🏼 Conquered👉🏼 Exiled👉🏼 Persecuted

33
Q

1890

A

Zionism: Jewish Movement to return to Palestine

- Ask Ottoman Empire if they can go back (said no because people already live there)

34
Q

1914- 1918

A

WWI: Arab Israeli Conflict began
Allied: Britain - France - Russia - United States
Central: Germany - Ottoman Empire - Austria - Hungary

35
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

British to Jews; Promised British support for Jewish Homeland in Palestine
- upheld

36
Q

McMahon Letter

A

British to Arabs: British Promised independence for all Arabs living under Ottoman Rule if they helped overthrow the Ottomans

37
Q

Sykes - Picot Agreement

A

Secret agreement between Britain and France to divided the lands promised to both Arabs and Jews
- upheld

38
Q

1920s

A

Massive migration of Jews into Palestine

- Increased rage/ resentment among Arabs

39
Q

1930s

A

Rise of Hitler/ Nazis in Europe

  • increase in Jewish migration to Palestine
  • increase in Arab revolt
40
Q

1939 - 1945

A

WWII: Holocaust

- After WWII: International sympathy for Jews and for a Jewish state

41
Q

1947

A

Britain leaves Palestine

  • U.N. Partition Plan: Divide Palestine into 2 states
  • Jewish: 55% land( most fertile) - accept plan
  • Palestinian: 45% land - reject plan
42
Q

1948

A

Israel becomes a state

  • U.S. is the 1st to recognize them as a state
  • Next day 5 Arab states attack ( Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq) ISRAEL WINS
  • Israel: War of Independence
  • Palestine: The Catastrophe
43
Q

3 results of The War of Independence/ The Catastrophe

A
  1. Israel gains more land (78%)
    • West Bank (Jordan)
    • Gaza Strip (Egypt)
  2. 750,000 Palestinians become refugees
  3. No more Paletine
44
Q

Early 1960s

A

U.S. support Israel

  • military
  • money
45
Q

1967

A

Israel starts a pre-emptive attack

- Six Day War: Israel wins

46
Q

Six Day War: Israel Gains

A
  1. 3x Land
    • Sinai peninsula (Egypt), Gaza Strip (Egypt), West Bank (Jordan), Golan Heights (Syria)
  2. Occupies the territories where the Palestinians are living
  3. Now seem as the dominant military force in the Middle East
47
Q

1973

A

Yom Kippur War/ October War

  • Israel (U.S.) vs. Egypt & Syria (Soviet Union)
  • Cold War: Oil Embargo
  • U.S. negotiate a truce
48
Q

1978

A

Camp David Accords

  • Israel: Give Egypt Sinai
  • Egypt: recognizes Israel as a state
    • Arabs assassinate Sadat (traitor)
49
Q

1993

A

Oslo Accords

  • Israel gives land to PLO
    • Israel leader assassinated by zionist because they believe the land was from God
  • P.L.O (Palestinian Liberation Organization) gives peace
  • Falls Apart
50
Q

Camp David Accords & Oslo Accords Similarities

A
  1. Both leaders were assassinated by their own people
  2. Both Initiated by U.S.
  3. Both leaders hated each other but came together for peace
51
Q

Camp David Accords & Oslo Accords Differences

A
  1. Arab leader killed (Camp David)

2. Israeli leader killed (Oslo)

52
Q

2000

A

2nd Intifada

  • Palestinians (suicide bombers) 5,000 died
  • Israeli (tanks/bombs) 1,000 died
  • Palestine thinks U.S. hates them
    • 2001: 9/11
  • bond with Israel grows stronger (terrorist attacks)
53
Q

2005

A

Israel withdraws from the Gaza Strip

  • Hamas (terrorist group): rule Gaza Strip
  • Israeli military surrounds the Gaza Strip (no Palestinians can leave or enter)
54
Q

1987

A

1st Intifada (uprising) - Palestinians

Global Studies (1 decks)

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