MIDDLE CHILDHOOD CHAP 12 Flashcards
In what Piagetian stage of cognitive development are 7-11 year-olds?
Concrete operational stage
Be able to define the following Piagetian terms: operations, decentration, reversibility, and conservation. Give an example of each.
Operations- mental actions that obey logical rules
Decentration- focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them, rather than centering on just one.
Reversibility- the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point
Conservation- provides clear evidence of operations
What is seriation? What is transitive inference? Give an example of each.
Seriation - The ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight ex. Arrange sticks in diff lengths
Transitive inference- seriate mentally ex stick a is longer than stick b or stick b is longer than stick c etc.,
What is the class inclusion problem? What cognitive skill does it measure? How do school-aged children differ in this skill, compared to preschoolers? How does this skill contribute to the hobbies of school-aged children?
Intergate three relations at once
Enhanced classification
They are able to separate objects by categories. Ex baseball cards (by position, by league, by team)
What is a cognitive map? Describe developmental changes in children’s cognitive maps during middle childhood. Describe some cultural differences in children’s map making.
Cognitive map– their mental representations of spaces, such as a classroom, school, or neighborhood.
By age 9 organized showing landmarks along an organized route of travel
The indian depicted many landmarks of features of social life in a small area near her home. The US boy drew more extended space and highlighted main streets and key directions but included few landmarks and people.
What is an important limitation of concrete operational thought?
Children think in an organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly. Ex “Susan is taller than Sally, and Sally is taller than Mary. Who is the tallest?”
According to neo-Piagetian theorists, what activities promote the development of operational thinking during middle childhood?
The pouring of liquids into diff containers
operational thinking can be best be understood in terms of gains in information processing speed rather than a sudden shift to new stage
Be able to describe the three ways listed in your text that attention changes during middle childhood. Give examples of each.
Selective
Flexible
Planful
What is an attention deficit disorder (formerly referred to as ADHD)? What are some key symptoms? What are its origins? What is the most common treatment for attention deficit disorders?
attention deficit hyperactive discorder
Cannot stay focused, act impulsively, ignore social rules, lash out when frustrated
Runs if families, highly heritable
the brains of children with ADHD grow more slowly and are about 3 percent smaller in overall volume, with a thinner cerebral cortex
Stimulant medication
Be familiar with children’s memory strategies during middle childhood and how they change.
rehearsal: repeating information to her self.
Organization: grouping related items together; stating catagorey names.
End of childhood children use elaboration which is creating relationship, or shared meaning between 2 or more meanings peices of information that are not members of of the same category.
ex to remember fish and pipe “the fish is smoking a pipe”
What is cognitive self regulation? Why is this capacity important for academic success?
the process of continuously monitoring progress toward a goal, checking outcomes, and redirecting unsuccessful efforts.
develop a sense of academic self-efficacy—confidence in their own ability
Be familiar with Sternberg’s triarchic theory of successful intelligence.
It is made of 3 broad, interacting intelligence: 1. analytical intelligence or information processing skills 2. creative intelligence, the capacity to solve novel problems and 3. practical intelligence, application of intellectual skills in everyday situations. Intelligent behavior involves balancing all three intelligence to achieve success in life according to ones personal goals and the requirements of ones cultural community
What is emotional intelligence? Is it correlated with IQ? Other skills?
a set of skills for accurately perceiving, reasoning about, and regulating emotion
associated with self-esteem, empathy, prosocial behavior, cooperation, leadership skills, and academic performance
What has adoption research shown regarding environmental effects on children’s IQ?
confirms that heredity and environment jointly contribute to IQ.
What is the Flynn effect?
The steady increase in IQ from one generation to the next.
What is stereotype threat? Give an example.
The fear of being judged on the basis of a negative stereotype, which can trigger anxiety that interferes with performance.
Ex women are bad at math or asians are better than whites in math
What is dynamic assessment? When and why is it used?
helps many minority children perform more competently on mental tests.
an innovation consistent with Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development, the adult introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support. - used to reduce cultural bias in testing, reduce high-stake testing
What interventions are useful in reducing cultural bias in child testing?
Persuading students that their intelligence depends heavily on effort
encourage minority students to affirm their self-worth by writing a short essay about their most important values (for example, a close friendship or a self-defining skill)
What is creativity? What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking? How is convergent thinking assessed? How is divergent thinking assessed?
Creativity– ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate—something that others have not thought of that is useful in some way
Divergent- unusual and multiple possibilities when faced with a task
Convergent – arriving at a single correct answer and emphasized on IQ tests
Verbal measure (name a use for newspaper) figural measure (draw as many pictures from circles)
What is metalinguistic awareness? Give an example.
the ability to think about language as a system. Ex rhyming, jokes, riddles
Be able to describe developmental changes in different child language skills during middle childhood. By how much does children’s vocabulary increase during middle childhood?
Able to go From happy to happiness or from decide to decision
Comprehension of 40,000 words.
Describe how the cognitive skills of bilingual children differ from those of monolingual children.
develop denser gray matter in left-hemisphere areas devoted to language
are advanced in selective attention, analytical reasoning, concept formation, and cognitive flexibility,
as well as certain aspects of metalinguistic awareness
Describe differences between traditional, constructionist, and social constructivist classrooms. What kinds of activities are children encouraged to do in each type of classroom?
Traditional – the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making and does most of the talking.
Constructionist– encourages students to construct their own knowledge/learning centers, small groups and individuals solving self-chosen problems, and a teacher who guides and supports in response to children’s needs.
Social – children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings
