Middle Childhood Flashcards
Deviancy Training
the process whereby children are TAUGHT BY THEIR PEERS to avoid restrictions imposed by adults
Children’s Moral Codes
elementary school-age children are more likely to behave prosocially than younger children or adolescents
Culture of Children
the particular habits, styles and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adults
Social Comparison
the tendency to assess one’s abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one’s peers. affects self-concept and self-esteem
homogeneity
similarity in friendships, SES, gender, ethnicity, age
homophily
similarity of behavior among friends may be driven by
social selection: choosing similar friends
socialization (social impact): adopting characteristics from friends; becoming increasingly similar
Peer Acceptance (sociometric status)
extent to which a child is LIKED by individual peers; measured through peer ratings
Behavioral Modeling View
Boba Doll; children pay attention to some of these people, models, and encode their behavior observes and imitates; identification= adopting behaviors and not copying a single one
4 mediational: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
Aggression-Frustration Models
frustration reaction to a perceived hostile threat, reactive to this view, frustration, which is defined as “the state that emerges when circumstances interfere with a goal response,” often leads to aggression.`
Crick & Coie 2 types of agressive children
Instrumental Aggression/Proactive: based on the social learning model, perceived as leader and having a sense of humor; to coerce others; kids do what they want
Reactive Aggression: aggression-frustration model; hostile attribution bias and skewed intention perception; even when it’s not present cognitive deficits in coding and interpretation
Instrumental Aggression/Proactive
predicted by coercive parenting and lax behavioral control; “means to an end” bullying; average academic performance and social relationships; low genuine likeability (rejection by peers) but perceived popularity; NO encoding issues, increased likelihood of later delinquency
Reactive Aggression
insecure attachment; thought to originate from traumatic abuse history; linked to biological factors such as temperament; internalizing symptoms and differences in emotional regulation; low genuine likeability; rejections and VICTIMIZATION; increased likelihood for dating voilence; “out to get me”; ambiguous evocation “run into people in the hallway” hostile views
Undercontrol
externalizing difficulties (hyperactivity, deviance, aggression)
Overcontrol
internalizing difficulties (anxiety, fear, depression, withdrawal)
social withdrawal
withdrawal from social interaction in the FAMILIAR peer group across time and situation; ‘social wariness’
Anxiety
a strong, negative emotion and tension in anticipation of future danger or threat
Diathesis-Stress Model
stress may elicit adjustment difficulties b interaction with underlying vulnerability; the experience of peer exclusion exacerbates the outcomes associated with anxious solitude
Anxious Solitude
in the face of perceived social evaluation; onlooking behaviors; high social avoidance motivation
Social Disinterest
lack of desire to play w/ others; potentially relatively benign; low social approach motivation
Deductive Reasoning
from a general statement premise or principle, through logical steps, to figure out or deduce specifics; top-down thinking
Inductive Reasoning
reasoning from one or more specific experience or facts to a general conclusion, may be decreased cognitively advanced than deductive; bottom-up processing
Intuitive Thought
thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions
Analytical Thought
results from analysis, such as a systematic logic and rationality
‘Identity Stages’
Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium
