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History F.S. Exam 3 > Middle Ages, Renaissance and Early American > Flashcards

Middle Ages, Renaissance and Early American Flashcards

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0
Q

Arterial embalming

Wrote Book

A

Gabriel Clauderus

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1
Q

Father of Embalming - Dutch Anatomist
Left no record
Arterial embalmer

A

Fredrick Ruysch

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2
Q

Father/discover of Circulatory system
Injected colored solutions
Discovered blood circulation 1618

A

William Harvey

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3
Q

Embalmed wife of London physician
Displayed in home for years
First documented use for funeral purpose

A

Dr. John Hunter

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4
Q

Arterial and cavity embalming

Originated injection method

A

Dr. William Hunter

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5
Q

French Chemist
History of Embalming
Classic text

A

Jean Gammel

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6
Q

First Artist started Anatomical Drawings (1452-1519)
Dissected over 50 bodies
750 anatomical drawings

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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7
Q

Barber Surgeons began this practice for “healing purposes”.

A

Blood-letting

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8
Q

Dug graves, ringing of the church bell, caretaker of church property

A

Sexton

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9
Q

Hearts and Bones of soldiers’ killed in battle and returned home.

A

Heart and Bone Burials

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10
Q

Considered mutilation
Rarely practiced
Seer cloth
Very expensive

A

Embalming

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11
Q

Roman Catholic Monk
Led to separation of from Church of Rome
Rejected doctrine of purgatory
Maintained belief in resurrection of the dead

A

Martin Luther

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12
Q

Medical Embalmers and the Rise of English Undertakers

A

Renaissance

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13
Q

From Greek “balsamon”
Latin “balsamun”
French “embaume”
First english use in 1340

A

The word “EMBALM”

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14
Q

One who “undertakes” a task

One who provides financial backing for an enterprise.

A

Funeral Undertaker

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15
Q

Studied sanitary conditions in England
Recommended Municipal Cemeteries
Certificate of Death

A

Edwin Chadwick

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16
Q

Crafted by carpenters and cabinet makers

Palls, draperies, candles, etc.

A

Coffins and Funeral Goods

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17
Q

Shop Signs

A

Coffin or skull and cross bones

Skeleton

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18
Q

Brought “old world” traditions

Developed “new world” practices

A

Colonial Funeral Behavior

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19
Q

Commercial, retained Church of England’s religious belief.

A

Virginia Colony

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20
Q

Funeral practices retained religious aspects.

A

Massachusetts Bay Colony

21
Q

Teaching of John Calvin

Protestant work ethic

A

Effects of Protestantism

22
Q

Salvation through “hard work”

A

Doctrine of “original sin”

23
Q

Early Burial Practices and Characteristics

A

Death common
High mortality rate especially among women and children
Simple funeral and procession

24
Q

Carried the coffin

A

Under-bearers

25
Q

Held the pall

A

Pall-bearers

26
Q

After the funeral

A

Large funeral feast
Vast quantities of food & liquor
Funerals was social function, public event

27
Q

Outlawed the use of linen?

A

The Woolen Act

28
Q

Livery stable keepers

added undertaking service

A

Carriage and Hack Keepers

29
Q

Provided Coffins
Underwriters
Upholsters and cabinet makers

A

Tradesmen Undertakers

30
Q

Supplied undertakers with funeral paraphernalia

A

Furnishing Undertakers

31
Q

Typically women
Caring for the dead
Friends and neighbors
“Layers out of the Dead”

A

Performers of Personal Service

32
Q

Most people were buried in church cemeteries

religious functionaries

A

“Sexton-undertakers”

33
Q

Middle Ages Christian Influences:

A

Dead brought to church for Requiem mass
Simplicity and dignity important
Become more elaborate after 1066AD

34
Q

Christian Funeral Characteristics in the Middle Ages

A

Tolling of the Bell
Embalming or Anointing
Wrapping body in fine linen
Use of black draperies, torches and candles, 3 day vigil, burial, feast

35
Q

“Concern for sanitation” replaced by what?

A

“Concern for Sentiment”

36
Q

Attempts to end intramural burial

A

All were ignored

37
Q

Miasma Theory

A

Dead infected the air
Required burial in clean church cemetery
No embalming or coffins
Use of communal plots

38
Q

Local Customs included:

A

“Sin-Eater” (Bread & Beer)
Sprig of rosemary
Sprinkled dirt on body or coffin

39
Q

Led to formation of League of prayers
Required souls to be cleansed before entering heaven
Steward of the Guild made the arrangements
Place of temporary punishment

A

The Purgatorial Doctrine

40
Q

Originated out of the Hebrew Practice
Avoid premature burial
Said prayers for the dead
Act of piety

A

The Wake (Vigil)

41
Q

Another function of the wake
Drank ale with the new heir
Another word is “averil” or “arvel”

A

Funeral Feast

42
Q

When was the Woolen Act started?

When was the Woolen Act repealed?

A

Started 1666

Repealed 1814

43
Q

Mourning Colors

A

White
Black
Purple

44
Q

Remember that thou will die

A

“Momento Mori”

45
Q

A house where bones or bodies are deposited

A

Charnal houses

46
Q

First establishment devoted to care of the dead.
First Funeral home
1865
Germantown, PA

A

Kirk and Nice - Jacob Noir

47
Q 
Laying out & Coffining
Transporting body to the grave
Ancillary services
Mourning paraphernalia
Clothing, emblems, & remembrances
A

Undertaking Procedures

48
Q

Funeral religious rituals and ceremonies

Spiritual comfort to the bereaved

A

Clergy

49
Q

Wax death masks of the decedent

A

Effigy

50
Q

Widows’ behavior and clothing in the Middle Ages

A

They would join a convent and become a nun

Mourning colors: white black, and purple

History F.S. Exam 3 (1 decks)

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