Middle Ages, Renaissance and Early American

Question 0

Arterial embalming

Wrote Book

Answer 0

Gabriel Clauderus

Question 1

Father of Embalming - Dutch Anatomist
Left no record
Arterial embalmer

Answer 1

Fredrick Ruysch

Question 2

Father/discover of Circulatory system
Injected colored solutions
Discovered blood circulation 1618

Answer 2

William Harvey

Question 3

Embalmed wife of London physician
Displayed in home for years
First documented use for funeral purpose

Answer 3

Dr. John Hunter

Question 4

Arterial and cavity embalming

Originated injection method

Answer 4

Dr. William Hunter

Question 5

French Chemist
History of Embalming
Classic text

Answer 5

Jean Gammel

Question 6

First Artist started Anatomical Drawings (1452-1519)
Dissected over 50 bodies
750 anatomical drawings

Answer 6

Leonardo da Vinci

Question 7

Barber Surgeons began this practice for “healing purposes”.

Answer 7

Blood-letting

Question 8

Dug graves, ringing of the church bell, caretaker of church property

Answer 8

Sexton

Question 9

Hearts and Bones of soldiers’ killed in battle and returned home.

Answer 9

Heart and Bone Burials

Question 10

Considered mutilation
Rarely practiced
Seer cloth
Very expensive

Answer 10

Embalming

Question 11

Roman Catholic Monk
Led to separation of from Church of Rome
Rejected doctrine of purgatory
Maintained belief in resurrection of the dead

Answer 11

Martin Luther

Question 12

Medical Embalmers and the Rise of English Undertakers

Answer 12

Renaissance

Question 13

From Greek “balsamon”
Latin “balsamun”
French “embaume”
First english use in 1340

Answer 13

The word “EMBALM”

Question 14

One who “undertakes” a task

One who provides financial backing for an enterprise.

Answer 14

Funeral Undertaker

Question 15

Studied sanitary conditions in England
Recommended Municipal Cemeteries
Certificate of Death

Answer 15

Edwin Chadwick

Question 16

Crafted by carpenters and cabinet makers

Palls, draperies, candles, etc.

Answer 16

Coffins and Funeral Goods

Question 17

Shop Signs

Answer 17

Coffin or skull and cross bones

Skeleton

Question 18

Brought “old world” traditions

Developed “new world” practices

Answer 18

Colonial Funeral Behavior

Question 19

Commercial, retained Church of England’s religious belief.

Answer 19

Virginia Colony

Question 20

Funeral practices retained religious aspects.

Answer 20

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question 21

Teaching of John Calvin

Protestant work ethic

Answer 21

Effects of Protestantism

Question 22

Salvation through “hard work”

Answer 22

Doctrine of “original sin”

Question 23

Early Burial Practices and Characteristics

Answer 23

Death common
High mortality rate especially among women and children
Simple funeral and procession

Question 24

Carried the coffin

Answer 24

Under-bearers

Question 25

Held the pall

Answer 25

Pall-bearers

Question 26

After the funeral

Answer 26

Large funeral feast Vast quantities of food & liquor Funerals was social function, public event

Question 27

Outlawed the use of linen?

Answer 27

The Woolen Act

Question 28

Livery stable keepers | added undertaking service

Answer 28

Carriage and Hack Keepers

Question 29

Provided Coffins Underwriters Upholsters and cabinet makers

Answer 29

Tradesmen Undertakers

Question 30

Supplied undertakers with funeral paraphernalia

Answer 30

Furnishing Undertakers

Question 31

Typically women Caring for the dead Friends and neighbors "Layers out of the Dead"

Answer 31

Performers of Personal Service

Question 32

Most people were buried in church cemeteries | religious functionaries

Answer 32

"Sexton-undertakers"

Question 33

Middle Ages Christian Influences:

Answer 33

Dead brought to church for Requiem mass Simplicity and dignity important Become more elaborate after 1066AD

Question 34

Christian Funeral Characteristics in the Middle Ages

Answer 34

Tolling of the Bell Embalming or Anointing Wrapping body in fine linen Use of black draperies, torches and candles, 3 day vigil, burial, feast

Question 35

"Concern for sanitation" replaced by what?

Answer 35

"Concern for Sentiment"

Question 36

Attempts to end intramural burial

Answer 36

All were ignored

Question 37

Miasma Theory

Answer 37

Dead infected the air Required burial in clean church cemetery No embalming or coffins Use of communal plots

Question 38

Local Customs included:

Answer 38

"Sin-Eater" (Bread & Beer) Sprig of rosemary Sprinkled dirt on body or coffin

Question 39

Led to formation of League of prayers Required souls to be cleansed before entering heaven Steward of the Guild made the arrangements Place of temporary punishment

Answer 39

The Purgatorial Doctrine

Question 40

Originated out of the Hebrew Practice Avoid premature burial Said prayers for the dead Act of piety

Answer 40

The Wake (Vigil)

Question 41

Another function of the wake Drank ale with the new heir Another word is "averil" or "arvel"

Answer 41

Funeral Feast

Question 42

When was the Woolen Act started? | When was the Woolen Act repealed?

Answer 42

Started 1666 | Repealed 1814

Question 43

Mourning Colors

Answer 43

White Black Purple

Question 44

Remember that thou will die

Answer 44

"Momento Mori"

Question 45

A house where bones or bodies are deposited

Answer 45

Charnal houses

Question 46

First establishment devoted to care of the dead. First Funeral home 1865 Germantown, PA

Answer 46

Kirk and Nice - Jacob Noir

Question 47

``` Laying out & Coffining Transporting body to the grave Ancillary services Mourning paraphernalia Clothing, emblems, & remembrances ```

Answer 47

Undertaking Procedures

Question 48

Funeral religious rituals and ceremonies | Spiritual comfort to the bereaved

Answer 48

Clergy

Question 49

Wax death masks of the decedent

Answer 49

Effigy

Question 50

Widows' behavior and clothing in the Middle Ages

Answer 50

They would join a convent and become a nun | Mourning colors: white black, and purple