Middle Ages

Question 1

Dura Europos

Answer 1

a small trading city on the Euphrates river in between the eastern roman empire and the parthian. the city was occupied by hellenistic, parthian, and roman civilizations.

Question 2

Synagogue

Answer 2

a building where jewish assembly or congregation meets for religous worship

the synagogue in dura europos was painted with biblocal scenes

Question 3

Huqoq synagogue mosaics

Answer 3

mosaics of biblical scenes that depict important moments

Question 4

house church

Answer 4

building used for christian worship services, used to host festivals and church ales

earliest example is the dura-europos

Question 5

catacombs

Answer 5

cemeteries underground with murals in the ceiling depecting biblical scenes

Question 6

good shepard

Answer 6

popular depiction of christ in the third and fourth centuries, a comon motif in the catacombs of rome and sarcophagus reliefs.

Question 7

constantine the great

Answer 7

made christianity the main religion of rome, created constantinoble, which became the most powerful city in the world

Question 8

battle of the milvian bridge edict of milan

Answer 8

constantine marched against rome and clashed with maxentius’s forces in the 312 battle of the milvian bridge, when constantine won he solidified his rile in the western half of the empire and issued the 313 edict of milan which ended the persecution of christianity.

Question 9

basilica

Answer 9

a large public building with multiple functions that was given special designation by the pope

also a special type of church building with an oblonge square shape

Question 10

central-plan church

Answer 10

a church with the altar at the center and often used for baptisteries or tombs

Question 11

evolution of images of jesus

Answer 11

began to be created for individual practice but caused distress in the church and worry that they would stop recieving donations so they destroyed all the icons.

Question 12

role of manuscripts

Answer 12

took alot of work and money to put together, was considered a dedication to god, written works.

Question 13

justinian

Answer 13

byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitous building program, including hagia sofia, as well as a new legal code.

Question 14

theodora

Answer 14

the wife of justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the byzantine empire and encouraged her husband to stay in constantinoble and fight the nike revolt.

Question 15

hagia sophia

Answer 15

the cathedral of holy wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the byzantine emperor Justinian

Question 16

icons

Answer 16

representation or image of a sacred personage, often considered sacred itself, an image or picture, a symbol, graphic symbol on a computer monitor display, an object of blind devotion

Question 17

iconclasm

Answer 17

the deliberate destruction of religious icons and symbols

Question 18

illuminated manuscripts

Answer 18

a handwritten book decorated with bright colors and precious metals

Question 19

animal and ribbon interlace

Answer 19

decorative motif in calligraphy that features interwined animal forms

Question 20

romanesque art

Answer 20

building style: rounded arches, vaults, and columns reminiscent of ancient rome.

artwork of europe which reflected roman, eastern, and byzantine influences, from the 10th to mid 12th century

Question 21

christian pilgrimage

Answer 21

tracked far to see relics at rome, compostela, and jerusalem. travel industry emerges

Question 22

pilgrimage churches

Answer 22

a place that people would travel to atone for sins, seek a cure, or assure salvation

Question 23

relics

Answer 23

valued holy objects from the past

Question 24

reliquary

Answer 24

a container for holy relics

Question 25

church portal sculpture

Answer 25

opening in a wall of a building, gate, or fortification, especially a grand enterence to an important structure

Question 26

gothic cathedrals

Answer 26

large churches originating in the 12th century france built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.

Question 27

islam

Answer 27

second largest religion in the world. monotheistic faith, 5 pillars of islam; faith, prayer, fasting, almsgiving, pilgrimage

Question 28

muhammad

Answer 28

arab prophet; founder of religion of islam

Question 29

mecca

Answer 29

city in western arabia; birthplace of the prophet muhammad, and ritual center of the islamic religion

Question 30

kaaba

Answer 30

the most sacred temple of islam, located at mecca

a square black box that muslims pray in the direction to multiple times a day

Question 31

medina

Answer 31

city in western arabia to which the prophet muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in mecca

Question 32

qu’ran (koran)

Answer 32

the holy book of islam

Question 33

5 pillars of faith

Answer 33

belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgramige

Question 34

dome of rock: central-plan shrine

Answer 34

muslim shrine containing the rock from which mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; jews believe abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac in the rock

Question 35

hypostyle mosque

Answer 35

a mosque whose hall is characterized by many closely spaced columns that support its roof

Question 36

minaret

Answer 36

a distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship

Question 37

muezzin

Answer 37

a man who calls muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

Question 38

calligraphy

Answer 38

the artistic practice of writing in languages that use the arabic alphabet

Question 39

regional mosques: adaptability of islamic architecture

Answer 39

architecture of mosque is influenced by the regional traditions of the time and place where it was built

Question 40

human sacrifice

Answer 40

a person who is killed as part of a religious ritual

Question 41

constantinoble

Answer 41

a large and wealthy city that was imperial capital of the byzantine empire and later the ottoman empire now known as istanbul