Mid2 Flashcards
What type of statistical information is easiest to use to evaluate risk?
Which of the following is actually a viral disease?
Leukemia
Approx what percentage of fatal cancers are caused by smoking?
30%
Why do most people avoid statistics when making decisions about risk?
They have an emotional need for certainty
What was the major barrier to developing taxol as a cancer drug?
The he rarity of the taxol tree, limited quantities available
Where does our feelings of risk come from?
Numbers, familiarity, dread
What is the conversations about risks about?
Choice, Justice, and someone reducing the worth of something that is valuable to you
Which performance enhancing drug is currently hardest to detect
Erythropoietin
How do anabolic steroids benefit an athlete?
Speed repair of damaged muscle fibers
Why are drugs given to race horses
To make them slower and fix the races to make them win
Why were amphetamines given to allied soldiers in ww2?
To increase aggression and morale
Which country first used steroids for sports training!
USSR/Soviet Union
Number 1 cause of death in Canada?
Cancer
Which type of cancer do you do to yourself
lung cancer
why is there a diff in male and female cancer rates
behaviour (men smoke earlier and often than women)
what must occur in a normal cell in order to divide
cell has to receive more than 1 specific chemical signals
one major problem with cancer cells?
they are mobile
why are cancer cells smaller than reg cells
divide asap
what are HeLa cells
Cells from Henrietta Lacks that have been growing in labs since 1951
why were HeLa cells discovered?
she had cervical cancer and the cells would grow in a petrie dish outside her body
why does cancer take 20 years ti develop
takes 8 to 10 mutations per cell
what are cascading chemical reaction
signalling systems
what are the 2 ways that cell division is regulated
stimulation and repression
what is stimulation
growth signal
what is repression
signal that tells cells not to grow
what do cancer mutations involve
loss of function
what was the leading cause of death in 1900 in CAD
infections
why can’t we use genetic repair on cancer mutations
expensive, difficult and unreliable
what is p53
important breaking protein in body
apoptosis (p53)
cell destruction in cell
why is apoptosis beneficial
protects body from viruses and cancer
what are 3 most important risk factors of developing fatal cancers
tobacco, poor diet and obesity
what is telomere
counts cell division
what is telomerase
protein that makes cancer cells immortal and repairing telomere
what % of cancer is caused by controllable factors
65-70%
Of the 4800 chemicals that tobacco smoke contains, how many are carcinogenic?
40
what is addictive substance in tobacco smoke
nicotine
what is main carcinogen in tobacco
polonium-210
why can u touch polonium in solid form
alpha-emitters are safe
what factors tend to vastly inflate out of perception of risk
dread
what 2 factors contribute to risk from drugs
exposure and toxicity
what type of microbe is affected by antibiotics
bacteria
why does penicillin cause allergies
how do fruits and veggies protect us
contain chemicals that stimulate hydrolase production which protect against DNA mutations
what % of cancer death are viruses responsible for
15%
what is most carcinogenic substance kniwn
phorbol
why does your hair fall out during cancer treatemnet
targets fast growing cells
Why did they engineer the chemical structure of Mustard gas to change sulphur to nitrogen in mustine?
This caused a slower chemical reaction. This gave them selectivity between normal cells and fast growing cells.
what happens when a messenger binds to a receptor
receptor changes shape
what do antibodies stick to
apitopes
what describe the effect pf a high doses of nicotine
acetylcholine antagonist causing relaxation
why is ammonia added to cig tovacco
removes acid that destroys nictine which increases delivery (addiction)
what is most effective way to treat all types of cancers
cisplatin
what food supply was important for large scale penicillin manufacturer
milk
what is toxic substance in yew bark
taxol
what type of cancer is taxol 30% effective against
breast
when were antibiotics discovered
1940-1959
what is disabled during tumour formation
apoptosis (cell destruction)
out of all the dope products, which is the best one
strychnine
what substance is most dangerous in tobacco
carbon monixide
What were two side effects of amphetamines?
Good decongestant and induced sleeplessness.
Why were methamphetamines used in the war?
They last a long time and operate very quickly. They have the same side effects as amphetamines.
what is the most likely way that random mutation will stimulate the cell’s division cycle
damage off switch so it no longer functions
why do some viruses cause cancer
prevent apoptosis
what are the 2 sub-systems of the involuntary nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what drug is used to mask the steroid use
epitestosterone
what is the means by which sulpha drugs inhibit bacterial growth
sulpha drugs become stuck in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F
how was the cancer dug Cisplatin discovered
passing an electric current through bacteria stopped cell division
why is Carb mono dangerous
interferes with oxygen transport
which is not part of the scientific definition of addictiveness
intoxication
why is nicotine potentially dangerous
stimulates the heart
Filter paper in cigarettes
Only decoration
What is semisythesis
Synthesis of natural sources into synthetic material
What is the most death caused by smoking
Heart attack
Why is vaping dangerous to children
Kids can drink the e-fluid
Why is vaping dangerous to children
Kids can drink the e-fluid
Where is the most dangerous bacteria
Hospitals
Who changed the perspective about doping
Ben Johnson
What was important for the manufacturing of penicillin
Fungi production, oxygen addition to tanks
When mental health drugs came out
1950’s
What does EPO do in the body
Stimulates the manufacture of rod blood cells
What does a mass spectrometer do
Weighs molecules
What does a gas chromatograph to?
Measures amounts
What is urine switching
Fill empty bladder with clean urine using catheter
What con cause cancer in tobacco smoking
Combustion - by products
Where is the tobacco in the recon cigarettes
In the paper
What can cause schizophrenia
High dopamine
What does low serotonin cause?
OCD
