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Midterm2 > Mid2 > Flashcards

Mid2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of statistical information is easiest to use to evaluate risk?

A
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2
Q

Which of the following is actually a viral disease?

A

Leukemia

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3
Q

Approx what percentage of fatal cancers are caused by smoking?

A

30%

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4
Q

Why do most people avoid statistics when making decisions about risk?

A

They have an emotional need for certainty

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5
Q

What was the major barrier to developing taxol as a cancer drug?

A

The he rarity of the taxol tree, limited quantities available

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6
Q

Where does our feelings of risk come from?

A

Numbers, familiarity, dread

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7
Q

What is the conversations about risks about?

A

Choice, Justice, and someone reducing the worth of something that is valuable to you

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8
Q

Which performance enhancing drug is currently hardest to detect

A

Erythropoietin

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9
Q

How do anabolic steroids benefit an athlete?

A

Speed repair of damaged muscle fibers

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10
Q

Why are drugs given to race horses

A

To make them slower and fix the races to make them win

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11
Q

Why were amphetamines given to allied soldiers in ww2?

A

To increase aggression and morale

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12
Q

Which country first used steroids for sports training!

A

USSR/Soviet Union

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13
Q

Number 1 cause of death in Canada?

A

Cancer

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14
Q

Which type of cancer do you do to yourself

A

lung cancer

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15
Q

why is there a diff in male and female cancer rates

A

behaviour (men smoke earlier and often than women)

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16
Q

what must occur in a normal cell in order to divide

A

cell has to receive more than 1 specific chemical signals

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17
Q

one major problem with cancer cells?

A

they are mobile

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18
Q

why are cancer cells smaller than reg cells

A

divide asap

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19
Q

what are HeLa cells

A

Cells from Henrietta Lacks that have been growing in labs since 1951

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20
Q

why were HeLa cells discovered?

A

she had cervical cancer and the cells would grow in a petrie dish outside her body

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21
Q

why does cancer take 20 years ti develop

A

takes 8 to 10 mutations per cell

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22
Q

what are cascading chemical reaction

A

signalling systems

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23
Q

what are the 2 ways that cell division is regulated

A

stimulation and repression

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24
Q

what is stimulation

A

growth signal

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25
Q

what is repression

A

signal that tells cells not to grow

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26
Q

what do cancer mutations involve

A

loss of function

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27
Q

what was the leading cause of death in 1900 in CAD

A

infections

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28
Q

why can’t we use genetic repair on cancer mutations

A

expensive, difficult and unreliable

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29
Q

what is p53

A

important breaking protein in body

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30
Q

apoptosis (p53)

A

cell destruction in cell

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31
Q

why is apoptosis beneficial

A

protects body from viruses and cancer

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32
Q

what are 3 most important risk factors of developing fatal cancers

A

tobacco, poor diet and obesity

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33
Q

what is telomere

A

counts cell division

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34
Q

what is telomerase

A

protein that makes cancer cells immortal and repairing telomere

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35
Q

what % of cancer is caused by controllable factors

A

65-70%

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36
Q

Of the 4800 chemicals that tobacco smoke contains, how many are carcinogenic?

A

40

37
Q

what is addictive substance in tobacco smoke

A

nicotine

38
Q

what is main carcinogen in tobacco

A

polonium-210

39
Q

why can u touch polonium in solid form

A

alpha-emitters are safe

40
Q

what factors tend to vastly inflate out of perception of risk

A

dread

41
Q

what 2 factors contribute to risk from drugs

A

exposure and toxicity

42
Q

what type of microbe is affected by antibiotics

A

bacteria

43
Q

why does penicillin cause allergies

A
44
Q

how do fruits and veggies protect us

A

contain chemicals that stimulate hydrolase production which protect against DNA mutations

45
Q

what % of cancer death are viruses responsible for

A

15%

46
Q

what is most carcinogenic substance kniwn

A

phorbol

47
Q

why does your hair fall out during cancer treatemnet

A

targets fast growing cells

48
Q

Why did they engineer the chemical structure of Mustard gas to change sulphur to nitrogen in mustine?

A

This caused a slower chemical reaction. This gave them selectivity between normal cells and fast growing cells.

49
Q

what happens when a messenger binds to a receptor

A

receptor changes shape

50
Q

what do antibodies stick to

A

apitopes

51
Q

what describe the effect pf a high doses of nicotine

A

acetylcholine antagonist causing relaxation

52
Q

why is ammonia added to cig tovacco

A

removes acid that destroys nictine which increases delivery (addiction)

53
Q

what is most effective way to treat all types of cancers

A

cisplatin

54
Q

what food supply was important for large scale penicillin manufacturer

A

milk

55
Q

what is toxic substance in yew bark

A

taxol

56
Q

what type of cancer is taxol 30% effective against

A

breast

57
Q

when were antibiotics discovered

A

1940-1959

58
Q

what is disabled during tumour formation

A

apoptosis (cell destruction)

59
Q

out of all the dope products, which is the best one

A

strychnine

60
Q

what substance is most dangerous in tobacco

A

carbon monixide

61
Q

What were two side effects of amphetamines?

A

Good decongestant and induced sleeplessness.

62
Q

Why were methamphetamines used in the war?

A

They last a long time and operate very quickly. They have the same side effects as amphetamines.

63
Q

what is the most likely way that random mutation will stimulate the cell’s division cycle

A

damage off switch so it no longer functions

64
Q

why do some viruses cause cancer

A

prevent apoptosis

65
Q

what are the 2 sub-systems of the involuntary nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

66
Q

what drug is used to mask the steroid use

A

epitestosterone

67
Q

what is the means by which sulpha drugs inhibit bacterial growth

A

sulpha drugs become stuck in the enzyme that makes coenzyme F

68
Q

how was the cancer dug Cisplatin discovered

A

passing an electric current through bacteria stopped cell division

69
Q

why is Carb mono dangerous

A

interferes with oxygen transport

70
Q

which is not part of the scientific definition of addictiveness

A

intoxication

71
Q

why is nicotine potentially dangerous

A

stimulates the heart

72
Q

Filter paper in cigarettes

A

Only decoration

73
Q

What is semisythesis

A

Synthesis of natural sources into synthetic material

74
Q

What is the most death caused by smoking

A

Heart attack

75
Q

Why is vaping dangerous to children

A

Kids can drink the e-fluid

76
Q

Why is vaping dangerous to children

A

Kids can drink the e-fluid

77
Q

Where is the most dangerous bacteria

A

Hospitals

78
Q

Who changed the perspective about doping

A

Ben Johnson

79
Q

What was important for the manufacturing of penicillin

A

Fungi production, oxygen addition to tanks

80
Q

When mental health drugs came out

A

1950’s

81
Q

What does EPO do in the body

A

Stimulates the manufacture of rod blood cells

82
Q

What does a mass spectrometer do

A

Weighs molecules

83
Q

What does a gas chromatograph to?

A

Measures amounts

84
Q

What is urine switching

A

Fill empty bladder with clean urine using catheter

85
Q

What con cause cancer in tobacco smoking

A

Combustion - by products

86
Q

Where is the tobacco in the recon cigarettes

A

In the paper

87
Q

What can cause schizophrenia

A

High dopamine

88
Q

What does low serotonin cause?

A

OCD

Midterm2 (1 decks)

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