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A2 Physics > Mid year Exam formulas and definitions > Flashcards

Mid year Exam formulas and definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Radian definition

A

the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of equal length to the radius of the circle

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2
Q

Angular displacement definition

A

the angle of arc through which the object has moved from its starting position

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3
Q

Angular speed definition

A

the angular displacement per unit time

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4
Q

Angular speed equation

A

angular speed =
angular displacement / time take

ω = ∆θ / ∆t

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5
Q

Angular speed equation for a single revolution

A

ω = 2π / T

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6
Q

Key equation for speed involving angular speed

A

speed = angular speed x radius
v = ωr

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7
Q

Newton’s first law (of motion) definition

A

an object remains at rest or travels at constant velocity unless it is acted on by a resultant force

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8
Q

Centripetal force definition

A

the resultant force on an object towards the centre of the circle when the object is rotating around that circle at constant speed

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9
Q

Centripetal acceleration definition

A

the acceleration of an object towards the centre of the circle when the object is rotating at constant speed round that circle

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10
Q

Centripetal acceleration key formulae

A

a = v² / r
a = rω²

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11
Q

Newton’s second law (of motion) definition

A

the resultant force on a body is proportional to the rate of change of momentum of the body

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12
Q

Additional circular motion formulas

A

v = 2πr/T
Fc = mv² / r
F𝒸 = mω²r
Fc = Ft + (-Fg)
∆θ = ω∆t = 2π∆t/T

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13
Q

Resonance

A

occurs when the frequency of the driving force is equal to the natural frequency of the oscillating system.
The system absorbs the maximum energy from the driver and has maximum amplitude

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14
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion

A

When acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement and acceleration and displacement are in opposite directions

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15
Q

Additional SHM formulas

A

Fr = Fs (restoring force and spring force)
a = -ω²x
Xₜ = Xₒsinωt (given start time [ t = 0 ] else is cos)
Vₜ = Vₒcosωt (given start time [ t = 0 ] else is sin)
aₜ = aₒsinωt (given start time [ t = 0] else is cos)
Vₜ = ± ω √Xₒ² - Xₜ²
v = ωₒxₒ
vmax = 2πfA (A is amplitude)
amax = –(2πf)²A

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16
Q

Formulas for SHM MSO (4)

A

ω² = k/m
a = -k/m . x
T = 2π √m/k
ma = -2kx

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17
Q

Formulas for SHM pendulum (4)

A

ω² = g/l
a = -x . g/l
T 2π √l/g
sinθ = x/l

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18
Q

Energy in SHM formulas (3)

A

Eₜₒₜₐₗ = Eₖ + Eₚ
∆W = ∆Eₖ = ∆Eₚ
Eₜₒₜₐₗ = Eₖ₍ₜ₎+ Eₚ₍ₜ₎

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19
Q

Damping

A

Reduction in amplitude due to resistive forces

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20
Q

Total energy of a system undergoing simple harmonic motion

A

E₀ = 1/2mω²x₀² = 1/2mv₀²

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21
Q

Internal energy

A

the sum of the random distribution of kinetic and potential energies of the atoms or molecules in a system

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22
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

∆U = q + W

The increase in internal energy of a body is equal to the thermal energy transferred to it by heating plus the mechanical work done on it

If the volume of a gas is constant it can not do any work
Any change at constant temp Q = W as U must equal 0
Any change where no heat is lost or gained Q = 0 and subsequently ∆U = -W

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23
Q

Work done when the volume of a gas changes at constant pressure

A

W = p∆V

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24
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

a condition when 2 or more objects in contact have the same temperature so that there is no net flow of energy between them

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25
Q

To convert temperatures between degrees Celsius and Kelvin

A

θ (in ºC) = T (in K) – 273.15
T (in K) = θ (in ºC) + 273.15

T ALWAYS in kelvin when dealing with gasses and gas laws

26
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

the energy required by unit mass per unit temperature change

Q = mc∆T
P = VI
E = VIt

27
Q

Specific latent heat of fusion/vaporization

A

the amount of heat energy per unit mass needed to convert unit mass of solid/liquid to liquid/gas without change in temperature

Q = mL
P = ∆m/∆t . Lv

Energy needed to raise temp and melt or raise temp and vapourise is
Q = mc∆T + ml

Change in energy for 2 different substances is:

Substance that doesn’t change state
Q = m1c1∆ (Toriginal1 - Tfinal)

Substance that changes state
Q = m2c2∆(Tfinal - (Toriginal2)) + m2L2

equate the 2 as they both equal to Q and solve

28
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

p₁V₁ = p₂V₂

29
Q

Charles’s Law

A

V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂

30
Q

Combined equation for fixed mass of gas

A

p₁V₁/T₁(n₁) = p₂V₂/T₂(n₂)

remove whatever from the equation that is constant to solve for missing variable

31
Q

Ideal gas

A

a gas that obeys the formula pV/T = constant
pressure
volume
temperature

32
Q

Equation of state

A

pV = nRT

pressure x volume = number of moles x universal molar gas constant x temperature

pV = NkT

N is the number of molecules
k is the Boltzmann constant

33
Q

Number of moles (n)

A

mass / molar mass
[g] / [g mol⁻¹]

n is the number of moles
N is the number of molecules
n x NA = moles to molecules
N / NA = molecules to moles

34
Q

Pressure of an ideal gas

A

p = 1/3 (Nm/V)<c²>
or
pV = 1/3 . Nm . <c²> = NkT
1/3 . m . <c²> = kT

Nm is the mass of all the molecules of the gas hence Nm/V is density

p = 1/3ρ<c²>

35
Q

Boltzmann constant

A

k = R/Nₐ

the gas constant per molecule, a fundamental constant

36
Q

Kinetic energy of a molecule

A

Ek = 1/2 . m . <c²> = 3/2 kT

37
Q

Root-mean-square speed

A

the square root of the average of the squares of the speeds of all the molecules in a gas

cᵣ.ₘ.ₛ = √<c²>

= √3KT/m

38
Q

Electric field strength at a point

A

E = F / Q
electric field strength = force on charge / charge

the force per unit charge exerted on a stationary positive charge at that point

39
Q

Strength of a uniform field between 2 parallel metal plates

A

E = ∆V / ∆d
E = Fe / q
Fe = qV / d

electric field strength = change in potential difference / change in distance

40
Q

Newton’s universal gravitation law

A

force between 2 point masses is directly proportional to the product of the 2 masses and inversely proportional to the square of their centre to centre separation

Fg = GM1M2/r²

41
Q

Force experienced by a point mass in a G-field

A

g = G . M/r² = a

42
Q

Gravitational field strength

A

force per unit mass

43
Q

GPE

A

work done in bringing the mass from infinity to the position in the gravitational fields

∆GPE = -GMm(1/r1 - 1/r2)

44
Q

Orbital motion

A

Fc = Fg as centripetal force is provided by gravitational force

45
Q

Orbital speed

A

Vorbit = √GM/r

T² = 4π²/GM . r³
T1²/r1³ = T2²/r2³

46
Q

Total energy in orbital motion

A

-1/2 GMm/r

47
Q

Escape speed

A

Vescape = √2GM/r
= √2gr

r = 2kQq/mv²

48
Q

Electric field definition

A

a region of space where electric charges experience a force

49
Q

Speed formula combined from electric and gravitation

A

v = √2g∆s
v = √2qV/m

50
Q

Millikan’s experiment formulas

A

Fn = Fe
a = mg = qE
a = qV/md
q = mgd/V = ne

51
Q

Electric potential energy formula

A

Work required to bring a point charge from infinity to a point

repulsive, EPE > 0
attractive, EPE < 0

EPE = Fe x r
k = Qq/r² . r
EPE = k . Qq/r²
Fe = k . Q1Q2/r

k = 1/4 . π ε₀
ε₀ is the permittivity of a vacuum

52
Q

Electric field strength definition

A

force per unit positive charge acting on a point

E = F/q
V = kQ/r
∆V = kQ(1/r1 - 1/r2)

53
Q

Capacitance

A

c = Q/V

54
Q

Capacitors in parallel

A

C tot = C1 + C2 …

55
Q

Capacitors in series

A

C tot = 1/C1 + 1/C2 … ⁻¹

56
Q

Dielectric formula

A

c = ε₀εᵣ . A/d

57
Q

Permittivity formulas

A

c = R/k = 4πε₀R

58
Q

Arc length

A

rθ

59
Q

Energy stored in capacitor

A

W = Q²/2C = 1/2cV² = 1/2QV

60
Q

Grav and electric field formulas together

A

Force
Fg = GMm/r²
Fe = kQq/r²

Work done (Potential energy)
E = GMm/r
E = kQq/r

Field strength/force felt
g = GM/r²
E = kQ/r² (electric field strength not energy)

How much energy needed to move from infinity to point (potential)
V = –GM/r (V as in potential)
V = –kQ/r

g = ∆V/∆r

A2 Physics (10 decks)

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