Mid-Test (Self-made questions)

Question 1

Burn is caused by _________damage to skin. it followed by _______response and may lead to death due to ___ ___，______，___ effects of ___.
Tips: Chapter 7

Answer 1

burn is caused by _hyperthermal _damage to skin. it followed by _inflammatory_response and may lead to death due to fluid loss，_infection _，toxic effects of eschar(dead tissue).

Question 2

What is MAP and what is its formula?

Tips: Chapter 12

Answer 2

MAP= Mean Arterial Pressure
Formula: Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
=> CO x TPR

Question 3

What is Pd and Ps?

Tips: Chapter 12

Answer 3

Pd= diastolic pressure
(normal value= 80mmHg)
Ps= systolic pressure
(normal value= 120mmHg)

Question 4

Thermoregulation requires sensors,integrating center,and effectors(4types). what are they?
Tips: Chapter 10

Answer 4

Sensor: Peripheral and internal thermoreceptors
IC: Hypothalamus
Effector: skin arterioles, sweat glands, muscle tissues, adrenal gland

Question 5

What is the two main functions of conducting system?

Tips: Chapter 9

Answer 5

1) . initiates the electrical signal(at the pacemaker)

2) . spreads signal thoughout the heart

Question 6

What are the factors that influence the MAP? (3)

Tips: Chapter 12

Answer 6

1) . Heart Function: Indicated by Cardiac Output (CO)
2) . Total peripheral Resistance (TPR)
3) . Blood Volume(BV)
- more fluid in the blood circulation
- affects end-diastolic volume(EDV)

Question 7

How is the electrical signal transmitted in heart? plz write the flow, so that finally heart contract.

Answer 7

1). SA node fires the electrical signal -> R atrial cardiac muscle cells and via Bachmann’s bundle to L atrium
2). (Depolarizing)-> the AV node with 0.1 delay allowing the atrium to contract completely and totally let ventricles be filled
3). -> His Bundle -> L & R Bundle branches -> apex of ventricular septum then turn upward
4). Ventricular Wall depolarized and contraction occur both sides
This process is called excitation contraction coupling (ecc).

Question 8

where can we find the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in arteries?
plz state 2 places for each of them.
Chapter 9

Answer 8

Baroreceptors:
-aortic arch
-carotid sinus(internal carotid artery)
Chemoreceptors:
-aortic bodies
-carotid body

Question 9

What are the functions of chemoreceptors and baroreceptors?

Answer 9

Baroreceptors: detect blood pressure changes
Chemoreceptors: monitor blood composition (i.e. H+, O2 level)

Question 10

Cells of the -___ ___- are keratinized and dead.

Chapter 7

Answer 10

Cells of the -outermost layer- are keratinized and dead.

Question 11

How cvs helps to maintain body temperature？

Chapter 7

Answer 11

a

Question 12

The body is an _______ _______ consisting of an order and ____ ___ of cells and body functions.
Ch. 3

Answer 12

The body is an integrated system consisting of an order and interactive organization of cells and body functions.

Question 13

What is the “Frank-Starling law”?
Hint: related to heart
Chapter 10

Answer 13

The greater the end-diastolic volume(the greater the venous return), the greater the stretch of ventricular wall and the greater the stroke volume

Question 13

When there are marked changes in ___ ___ and ion movement in neurons，this leads to an action potential.
Ch. 3

Answer 13

When there are marked changes in membrane permeability and ion movement in neurons, this leads to an action potential.

Question 14

Please state the flow of how fluid is returned in the lymphatic system. Ch.13

Answer 14

Lymphatic capillaries-> lymph flow-> lymph nodes-> collecting vessels-> lymphatic trunks-> collecting duct->
(R side-> R lymphatic duct -> R subclavian vein
L side-> thoracic duct-> L subclavian vein)

Question 15

List how the short term regulation of blood pressure pathway goes. Ch. 12

Answer 15

Sensor: Arterial Baroreceptors (Pressure Receptors)
Regulating center @ medulla oblongata:
- cardio-regulatory center
- vasomotor center
Effectors:
- Heart
-arterioles

Question 16

Given CO=5310mL/min
HR=59 beats/min
End-systolic volume=60mL
calculate the EF.
Ch. ?

Answer 16

SV = CO /HR
= 90 ml /contraction
EDV = SV + ESV = 150ml
EF = SV /EDV =60%

Question 17

What are the differences of paracrine, autocrine and endocrine.
Ch. 3

Answer 17

Paracrine: secrete substance to Tissue Fluid, act on NEIGHBORING cells
Autocrine: secrete substance to Tissue Fluid, act on SAME cell
Endocrine: secrete substance to Blood System, act on Target cells

Question 18

Q: Please list the functions of lymphatic system. (3)

Ch. 13

Answer 18

1) . Fluid Recovery
2) . Immunity
3) . Lipid absorption

Question 19

Extra: Diaphragm is a _______ muscle. It is controlled by _______nerve.
Ch. 8

Answer 19

Extra: Diaphragm is a skeletal muscle. It is controlled by phrenic nerve.

Question 20

Extra: Where is the heart located?

Ch. 8

Answer 20

Heart is contained in the pericardium at the middle mediastinum of thoracic cavity. /
The heart is located in the chest - between the lungs, anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum.

Question 21

what is the difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Ch. 10

Answer 21

Norepinephrine:

• neurotransmitter
• non-adrenaline
• sympathetic nervous system

Epinephrine:
-hormone from adrenal glands of kidneys
-through bloodstream
Similarity: 1)same function to stimulate a stronger and faster contraction at any edv, increase the contractility.
2) they act on B receptor on ventricular wall

Question 25

Is left and right ventircles having same stroke volume？

Ch. 10

Answer 25

Yes, because

Question 26

Will the arterial blood pressure affect ejection fraction and stroke volume,why?
Ch. 10?

Answer 26

It only affect the sv.
⬆arterial bp ⬆resistance ⬇sv
ef=contractility which is contant without the extrinsic stimulation.

Question 27

Extra: Please list out the full name, units(if provided), equation (if provided) and definition of the followings: 1) . CO 2) . SV 3) . HR 4) . EDV 5) . EF 6) . CF

Answer 27

1). CO= Cardiac Output (mL/min) Eq.: CO= SV x HR Def.: blood volume pumped by each ventricle per minute 2). SV= Stroke Volume (mL/beat) (Eq.(1): SV= CO / HR ) Eq.(2): SV= EDV x EF Def.: blood volume pumped out per ventricular contraction(beat) 3). HR= Heart Rate (beats/min) (Eq.(1): HR= CO / SV ) Def.: the number of contractions/beats per minutes 4). EDV= End-diastolic pressure (Eq.: EDV= SV / EF) Def.: Preload~amount of blood filled before contraction 5).EF= Ejection Fraction (%) Eq.: EF= SV/EDV Def.: the percentage of blood of ventricle pumps out per contraction (indicates contractility) 6). CF= Contraction Function Def.: the ability for the heart to pump the blood in a period of time

Question 28

Extra: What are the factors affecting the Stroke Volume(SV)? | Ch. 10

Answer 28

1) . End-diastolic volume(EDV) (intrinsic) Frank-Starling law 2) . Contractility of ventricular heart muscles (extrinsic) 3) . Afterload (=arterial blood pressure)

Question 29

Extra: What are the factors affecting the Heart Rate(HR)? | Ch. 10

Answer 29

1) . Autonomic nervous system(extrinsic factor) - Sympathetic stimulation on SA node (R atrium) - Parasympathetic stimulation 2) . Hormonal Factor - epinephrine(Adrenaline)

Question 30

Extra: what are the ways to move blood back to heart. (4) | Ch. 9

Answer 30

1) . Vasoconstriction 2) . Skeletal Muscle Pump 3) . Respiratory Pump 4) . Increase in blood volume

Question 31

What is the relationship between lymthetic system and cardiovascular system? ch.13

Answer 31

The lymphatic vessels provide a route for excessive tissue fluid return to the cardiovascular system.

Question 32

Where are the lymthetic duct and thoracic duct located in blood vessels? ch.13

Answer 32

lymthetic duct -right subclavian vein | thoracic duct -left subclavian vein

Question 33

What is the definition of Homeostasis | Ch. 3

Answer 33

It is to regulate and maintain internal body's condition to be constant.

Question 34

Which 3 main effectors would autonomic nervous system (ANS) involuntarily send a signal to? Ch. 3

Answer 34

1) . smooth muscle 2) . cardiac muscle 3) . certain glands(i.e.adrenal gland)

Question 35

3) . what are the functions of epithelium?(3) | ch. 6

Answer 35

1) . protect underling tissues 2) . absorption 3) . secretion

Question 36

Extra: Please list the 6 main functions of skin. | Ch. 7

Answer 36

1) . protection 2) . secretion 3) . thermoregulation 4) . conserve water (retention) 5) . vitamin D synthesis 6) . sensation

Question 37

Extra: True or false 1). Skin is an organ. 2). Both bone and Muscle are connective tissues. Ch. 7

Answer 37

1) . True. Skin IS an organ. | 2) . False. Muscle is NOT connective tissue. Only Bone IS.