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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Mid-Test (Self-made questions) > Flashcards

Mid-Test (Self-made questions) Flashcards

1
Q

Burn is caused by _________damage to skin. it followed by _______response and may lead to death due to ___ ___，______，___ effects of ___.
Tips: Chapter 7

A

burn is caused by _hyperthermal _damage to skin. it followed by _inflammatory_response and may lead to death due to fluid loss，_infection _，toxic effects of eschar(dead tissue).

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2
Q

What is MAP and what is its formula?

Tips: Chapter 12

A

MAP= Mean Arterial Pressure
Formula: Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
=> CO x TPR

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3
Q

What is Pd and Ps?

Tips: Chapter 12

A

Pd= diastolic pressure
(normal value= 80mmHg)
Ps= systolic pressure
(normal value= 120mmHg)

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4
Q

Thermoregulation requires sensors,integrating center,and effectors(4types). what are they?
Tips: Chapter 10

A

Sensor: Peripheral and internal thermoreceptors
IC: Hypothalamus
Effector: skin arterioles, sweat glands, muscle tissues, adrenal gland

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5
Q

What is the two main functions of conducting system?

Tips: Chapter 9

A

1) . initiates the electrical signal(at the pacemaker)

2) . spreads signal thoughout the heart

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6
Q

What are the factors that influence the MAP? (3)

Tips: Chapter 12

A

1) . Heart Function: Indicated by Cardiac Output (CO)
2) . Total peripheral Resistance (TPR)
3) . Blood Volume(BV)
- more fluid in the blood circulation
- affects end-diastolic volume(EDV)

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7
Q

How is the electrical signal transmitted in heart? plz write the flow, so that finally heart contract.

A

1). SA node fires the electrical signal -> R atrial cardiac muscle cells and via Bachmann’s bundle to L atrium
2). (Depolarizing)-> the AV node with 0.1 delay allowing the atrium to contract completely and totally let ventricles be filled
3). -> His Bundle -> L & R Bundle branches -> apex of ventricular septum then turn upward
4). Ventricular Wall depolarized and contraction occur both sides
This process is called excitation contraction coupling (ecc).

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8
Q

where can we find the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in arteries?
plz state 2 places for each of them.
Chapter 9

A 
Baroreceptors:
-aortic arch
-carotid sinus(internal carotid artery)
Chemoreceptors:
-aortic bodies
-carotid body
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9
Q

What are the functions of chemoreceptors and baroreceptors?

A

Baroreceptors: detect blood pressure changes
Chemoreceptors: monitor blood composition (i.e. H+, O2 level)

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10
Q

Cells of the -___ ___- are keratinized and dead.

Chapter 7

A

Cells of the -outermost layer- are keratinized and dead.

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11
Q

How cvs helps to maintain body temperature？

Chapter 7

A

a

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12
Q

The body is an _______ _______ consisting of an order and ____ ___ of cells and body functions.
Ch. 3

A

The body is an integrated system consisting of an order and interactive organization of cells and body functions.

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13
Q

What is the “Frank-Starling law”?
Hint: related to heart
Chapter 10

A

The greater the end-diastolic volume(the greater the venous return), the greater the stretch of ventricular wall and the greater the stroke volume

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13
Q

When there are marked changes in ___ ___ and ion movement in neurons，this leads to an action potential.
Ch. 3

A

When there are marked changes in membrane permeability and ion movement in neurons, this leads to an action potential.

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14
Q

Please state the flow of how fluid is returned in the lymphatic system. Ch.13

A

Lymphatic capillaries-> lymph flow-> lymph nodes-> collecting vessels-> lymphatic trunks-> collecting duct->
(R side-> R lymphatic duct -> R subclavian vein
L side-> thoracic duct-> L subclavian vein)

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15
Q

List how the short term regulation of blood pressure pathway goes. Ch. 12

A 
Sensor: Arterial Baroreceptors (Pressure Receptors)
Regulating center @ medulla oblongata:
- cardio-regulatory center
- vasomotor center
Effectors:
- Heart
-arterioles
16
Q 
Given CO=5310mL/min
HR=59 beats/min
End-systolic volume=60mL
calculate the EF.
Ch. ?
A

SV = CO /HR
= 90 ml /contraction
EDV = SV + ESV = 150ml
EF = SV /EDV =60%

17
Q

What are the differences of paracrine, autocrine and endocrine.
Ch. 3

A

Paracrine: secrete substance to Tissue Fluid, act on NEIGHBORING cells
Autocrine: secrete substance to Tissue Fluid, act on SAME cell
Endocrine: secrete substance to Blood System, act on Target cells

18
Q

Q: Please list the functions of lymphatic system. (3)

Ch. 13

A

1) . Fluid Recovery
2) . Immunity
3) . Lipid absorption

19
Q

Extra: Diaphragm is a _______ muscle. It is controlled by _______nerve.
Ch. 8

A

Extra: Diaphragm is a skeletal muscle. It is controlled by phrenic nerve.

20
Q

Extra: Where is the heart located?

Ch. 8

A

Heart is contained in the pericardium at the middle mediastinum of thoracic cavity. /
The heart is located in the chest - between the lungs, anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum.

21
Q

what is the difference between norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Ch. 10

A

Norepinephrine:

  • neurotransmitter
  • non-adrenaline
  • sympathetic nervous system

Epinephrine:
-hormone from adrenal glands of kidneys
-through bloodstream
Similarity: 1)same function to stimulate a stronger and faster contraction at any edv, increase the contractility.
2) they act on B receptor on ventricular wall

25
Q

Is left and right ventircles having same stroke volume？

Ch. 10

A

Yes, because

26
Q

Will the arterial blood pressure affect ejection fraction and stroke volume,why?
Ch. 10?

A

It only affect the sv.
⬆arterial bp ⬆resistance ⬇sv
ef=contractility which is contant without the extrinsic stimulation.

27
Q

Extra: Please list out the full name, units(if provided), equation (if provided) and definition of the followings:

1) . CO
2) . SV
3) . HR
4) . EDV
5) . EF
6) . CF

A

1). CO= Cardiac Output (mL/min)
Eq.: CO= SV x HR
Def.: blood volume pumped by each ventricle per minute

2). SV= Stroke Volume (mL/beat)
(Eq.(1): SV= CO / HR )
Eq.(2): SV= EDV x EF
Def.: blood volume pumped out per ventricular contraction(beat)

3). HR= Heart Rate (beats/min)
(Eq.(1): HR= CO / SV )
Def.: the number of contractions/beats per minutes

4). EDV= End-diastolic pressure
(Eq.: EDV= SV / EF)
Def.: Preload~amount of blood filled before contraction

5).EF= Ejection Fraction (%)
Eq.: EF= SV/EDV
Def.: the percentage of blood of ventricle pumps out per contraction (indicates contractility)

6). CF= Contraction Function
Def.: the ability for the heart to pump the blood in a period of time

28
Q

Extra: What are the factors affecting the Stroke Volume(SV)?

Ch. 10

A

1) . End-diastolic volume(EDV) (intrinsic) Frank-Starling law
2) . Contractility of ventricular heart muscles (extrinsic)
3) . Afterload (=arterial blood pressure)

29
Q

Extra: What are the factors affecting the Heart Rate(HR)?

Ch. 10

A

1) . Autonomic nervous system(extrinsic factor)
- Sympathetic stimulation on SA node (R atrium)
- Parasympathetic stimulation
2) . Hormonal Factor
- epinephrine(Adrenaline)

30
Q

Extra: what are the ways to move blood back to heart. (4)

Ch. 9

A

1) . Vasoconstriction
2) . Skeletal Muscle Pump
3) . Respiratory Pump
4) . Increase in blood volume

31
Q

What is the relationship between lymthetic system and cardiovascular system?
ch.13

A

The lymphatic vessels provide a route for excessive tissue fluid return to the cardiovascular system.

32
Q

Where are the lymthetic duct and thoracic duct located in blood vessels?
ch.13

A

lymthetic duct -right subclavian vein

thoracic duct -left subclavian vein

33
Q

What is the definition of Homeostasis

Ch. 3

A

It is to regulate and maintain internal body’s condition to be constant.

34
Q

Which 3 main effectors would autonomic nervous system (ANS) involuntarily send a signal to?
Ch. 3

A

1) . smooth muscle
2) . cardiac muscle
3) . certain glands(i.e.adrenal gland)

35
Q

3) . what are the functions of epithelium?(3)

ch. 6

A

1) . protect underling tissues
2) . absorption
3) . secretion

36
Q

Extra: Please list the 6 main functions of skin.

Ch. 7

A

1) . protection
2) . secretion
3) . thermoregulation
4) . conserve water (retention)
5) . vitamin D synthesis
6) . sensation

37
Q

Extra: True or false
1). Skin is an organ.
2). Both bone and Muscle are connective tissues.
Ch. 7

A

1) . True. Skin IS an organ.

2) . False. Muscle is NOT connective tissue. Only Bone IS.

Human Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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