Mid-Terms Flashcards
It is estimated that 80% of dogs and 70% of cats develop detectable periodontal disease by what age?
By 3 years of age
This course focuses on the concept of the ORAL ATP (assessment, treatment, and prevention)…give examples of an assessment, treatment, and prevention?
Assessment - oral examinations, laboratory data, charting, radiology
Treatment - anesthesia and supportive care, dental cleaning, periodontal therapy, extractions, endodontics, and orthodontics
Prevention - home health care, re-evaluations
the term “dental” is no longer used…the newest term is COHAT…What does this stand for?
Comprehensive Oral Health Assessment and Treatment
Immature, primary, and deciduous teeth are all synonyms for baby teeth?
True (after these fall out you are left with adult or permanent teeth)
Teeth are designated according to their sequence rostral to caudal, or _______ to _______ in the case of the premolars and molars.
mesial to distal
Kittens and puppies are born without teeth…this is called?
edentulous
The deciduous teeth of kittens begins to emerge (erupt) from the gums (gingiva) at 2-3 weeks of age, and all teeth are in place and developed (i.e. dentition is complete) by the end of the ________ week?
Fourth
Eruption of the first puppy teeth also occurs at a similar time (2-3 weeks), but full dentition of the deciduous teeth is not apparent until puppies are ______ weeks of age?
Eight
Permanent kitten teeth begin to appear between at 4 months of age, and full dentition is complete by the end of the ________ month?
Sixth
In puppies the adult teeth begin to appear at 4 to 5 months, but permanent teeth are not fully erupted until ____ of age?
Six to Seven Months
Give the dental formula for canine deciduous teeth?
2X (I 3/3: C 1/1: P:3/3) = 28
Give the dental formula for canine permanent teeth?
2X (I 3/3: C 1/1: P 4/4: M 2/3) = 42
Give the dental formula for feline deciduous teeth?
2X (I 3/3: C 1/1: P 3/2) = 26
Give the dental formula for feline permanent teeth?
2X (I 3/3: C 1/1: P 3/2: M 1/1) = 30
This system simplifies dental nomenclature by assigning numbers to the individual teeth. Each tooth is designated by three numbers. The first number refers to the to the four quadrants of the mouth. As you face the animal and go clockwise quadrant 1 is the right maxilla, quadrant 2 the left maxilla, quadrant 3 the left mandible and quadrant 4 the right mandible?
This is the Triadan System
The Triadan System can be quite confusing, a useful of learning this system is to remember that the maxillary carnassial teeth (4th premolars) are designated as __1__ and __2__ in the dog (cats have same numbers but on different teeth). The mandibular carnassial teeth (1st molars) are designated as __3__ and __4__ in both species?
1) 108
2) 208
3) 309
4) 409
This is the aspect of the mouth that is between the teeth and the cheek?
The buccal aspect (and the buccal surface of the teeth is that part of the tooth facing the cheek…these surfaces may also be referred to as the vestibular or labial surfaces
The ________ surface of the mandibular teeth is that portion of the tooth facing the tongue?
lingual
The inner surface of the maxillary teeth is called the?
palatal surface
The _________ surface is that portion of the tooth facing the tooth directly above or below (i.e. the top of the tooth)
occlusal
The crown of a tooth has three layers…describe each?
1) the outer surface is the enamel, which is the hardest substance of the body (primarily calcium hydroxyapatite)
2) interior to the enamel is the dentin. This constitutes majority of the adult tooth. (mostly hydroxyapatite but has organic components, primarily collagen)
3) the central area of the tooth is the pulp which is composed of blood vessels, lymph, and nerve tissue. It also contains odontoblasts that form dentin.
The root of the tooth does not require an enamelar surface, however root dentin is covered by?
cementum (bone-like tissue)
The root of a tooth is connected to the surrounding bone by the?
periodontal ligament
True or False: As an animal matures less dentin is laid down and therefore the root canal narrows.
True: as the animal matures dentin is laid down in successive layers, and the root canal narrows
the division between two roots i called the?
furcation
The position on the tooth where the enamel ends and the cementum begins is called the?
cementoenamel junction
The cementoenamel junction is where the gingival tissue lies in close proximity to the tooth crown. The margin of the gingiva is round and curves slightly inward, forming a small pocket or SULCUS. What is the normal pocket dept of the (a) dog and the (b) cat?
(a) dog = 1-3mm
(b) cat = 0.5-1.0mm
these numbers are important when evaluating pocket depth in patient with periodontal disease
What is the most common disease state in small animals and in humans?
Periodontal disease - it is estimated that 80% of dogs, and 70% of cats, will develop some degree of PD by three years of age
What are the two basic forms of disease with regards to disease of the mouth?
1) gingivitis - is the reversible inflammation of gingival tissue
2) periodontal disease - is the irreversible loss of the tissues surrounding the teeth and is the sequela to gingivitis
The maxillary 4th PM and mandibular 1st M are called?
carnassial teeth
True or False: The tissue damage seen with periodontal disease occurs more from the virulence factors produced by bacteria and less to do with the host response?
False - the host response causes more damage
Periodontal disease is classified by the severity of inflammation and destruction of the periodontium…describe stage 0-4?
Stage - 0 = healthy teeth and periodontal tissues
Stage - 1 = plaque accumulation, mild gingival inflammation around the tooth, no attachment loss
Stage - 2 = edematous gingival inflammation (tissues bleed readily), calculus formation, less than 25% attachment loss between teeth and alveolar bone
Stage -3 = calculus, irreversible damage to periodontal tissues, 25-50% attachment loss
Stage - 4 = suppurative tissues, severe and irreversible damage to periodontium, >50% attachment loss, +/- tooth mobility
The importance of Periodontal Disease has become very apparent over the years….the statement “the head is connected to the rest of the body” was trying to convey what message?
That PD exerts both a localized deleterious effect in the mouth and a negative systemic effect on the well-being of the human or animal
PD begins with adherence of bacteria to a mixture of salivary proteins and glycoproteins called the?
pellicle (on the tooth surfaces)
With regards to plaque/calculus development…finish these formulas:
1) saliva + food =
2) biofilm + bacteria =
3) plaque + minerals =
1) biofilm
2) plaque
3) calculus (tartar)
Finish this sentence…PD results greatly not by biochemical activity of pathogenic organisms but rather by?
the host’s response to the organism’s biochemical activity
Plaque bacteria is greater to or equal to ______ times more resistant to antibiotics.
1000X
Plaque bacteria is greater to or equal to ______ times more resistant to antiseptics.
500,000X
What is the etiologic agent of periodontal disease?
Plaque
Alveolar bone loss occurs and proceeds in two planes, vertical bone loss and horizontal bone loss….give definitions of both?
Vertical bone loss - loss of bone along the long axis of the root toward the apex
Horizontal bone loss - bone loss that develops and progresses parallel to the plane of crestal bone (this can result in exposure of the tooth root)
___________ inflammation should be the primary determinant of the need for professional oral therapy?
gingivitis
True or False: Widespread calculus can occur without gingivitis?
True
which systemic disorders can worsen periodontal disease?
- nutritional deficiency
- cancer/chemotherapy/radiation treatment
- hypothyroidism
- liver, kidney, cardiac disease
- CUSHINGS/ EXOGENOUS STEROIDS
- DIABETES MELLITUS
What are the harmful effect of steroids with PD?
- suppresses neutrophil activity
- blocks cell mediated immunity
- decreases circulating lymphocytes
- COLLAGEN DEGRADATION, OSTEOPOROSIS (INCREASED DESTRUCTION OF PERIO TISSUE)
- delayed wound healing
There is a strong link between perio and disease and?
diabetes mellitus
What are the predisposing factors to PD?
- breed (yorkies, poodles)
- facial hair
- conformation (brachycephalics)
- diet (hard vs soft)
- decrease immune status
- systemic disease
What are the main periodontal disease characteristics?
- local bacterial infection, bacteremia
- tartar
- increased gingival sulcus (“pocket”) depth
- destruction of periodontal tissues
- tooth loss
How is Furcation Exposure (or FE) classified?
- Class 1 (FE1): a periodontal probe extends less than 1mm under the crown (alternatively, 2mm)
- Class 3 (FE3): probe can be passed from one side of the furcation to the other (through and through)
ORAL ATP (assessment, treatment, and prevention)…describe the assessment aspect?
ASSESSMENT: starts with awake patient
- complete physical exam
- incomplete oral exam (awake patient, must caution owners that you are only getting a partial picture of oral disease —- assessment during anesthesia complete external oral exam, charting, RADIOGRAPHS)
- CBC, chemistry, UA
- EKG
- heartworm status
What is the most important diagnostic tool in dentistry?
RADIOGRAPHY - >60% or oral pathology cannot be visualized without radiographs (because 60% of the tooth structure is located below the gums)
Dental radiology is used in evaluation and detection of conditions and treatments including:
a) missing or supernumerary teeth
b) PD in all patients undergoing dental prophylaxis
c) condition of roots of teeth that have worn, discolored or fractured crowns
d) tooth and bone involvement in cases of benign and malignant tumors, and osteomyelitis
e) traumatic injuries
f) malocclusion and other developmental anomalies (dilacerations, fused teeth, bigeminy)
g) tooth resorption
h) extraction procedures (pre- and post- extraction)
i) efficacy of therapeutic programs for all forms of oral and dental disease
j) endodontic, orthodontic and prosthodontic procedures