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Stormwater > Mid term Test > Flashcards

Mid term Test Flashcards

1
Q

What Is the 3 levels of Te Mana O Te Wai Hierarchy?

A
  1. Prioritising health and well being of water
  2. The health needs of the people in and around the water
  3. Social, economic and cultural welling being
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2
Q

What are the 4 main ecosystem services?

A
  1. Provisioning - food, energy, materials
  2. Supporting - nutrient recycling, primary production
  3. regulation - carbon sequestration, waste and detoxification
  4. Cultural services - cultural, spiritual and recreational
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3
Q

What is CSO and SSS?

A

Combined sewer system and Separated sewer system

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4
Q

What is NPS?

A

non point source pollution - water pollution caused by a wide area of uncontrolled sources that cannot be traced back to an outlet

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5
Q

What is stormwater?

A

Runoff of water from urban surfaces generated by snow fall or rain melt

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6
Q

What is Urban Stream Syndrome?

A

Consistently observed ecological degradation of streams draining urban land

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7
Q

Name the Affects urbanisation has on streams with context to increased building density

A

Impervious areas increase - drainage systems modified - flow velocity increase - lag time decreases - run off volume increases - peak run off increases

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8
Q

Name the Affects urbanisation has on streams with context to increased population

A

Water demand increases - waterborne waste increases - stormwater quality deteriorates - ground water recharge problems - base flow reduces - pollution control problems

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9
Q

Name the 6 urban water management transitions

A
  1. Water supplied city
  2. Sewered city
  3. Drained city
  4. waterways city
  5. water cycle city
  6. water sensitive city
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10
Q

what are the 7 key principles of water management

A
  1. Protecting and enhancing waterways
  2. Restoring the urban water balance
  3. conserving water resources
  4. integrating SW treatment
  5. enhance urban design by integrating water
  6. reducing peak flows and run
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11
Q

What are the effects of sediment in water ways

A

Light scattering
reduced fish feeding range
smothering of invertbrates
asscociated pollutants

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12
Q

What is sources of nutrient pollution and what does it cause

A

animal waste, fertiliser, soil erosion

usually nitrogen or phosphorus

primary casue of eutrophication - excess aquatic plant growth, alagae

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13
Q

what are hyrdocarbons and where do they come from

A

organic compounds that come from oil and fuel or old pavements

they stay in the environment for a long time and are persistant

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14
Q

what are pathogens and where do they come from

A

micro organisms or viruses (bacteria, fungi) that come from animals, rodents, faceial matter

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15
Q

what are surfactants and where do they come from

A

organic compunds that come from soaps/ detergents etc

they lower surface tenison and are toxic

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16
Q

what are gross pollutants

A

rubbish/litter - coarse sediment

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17
Q

describe heavy metals in water ways

A

metallic elements of high density
toxic
in dissolved and particulate form
mainily zinc and lead (from roofs and leaded fuels)

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18
Q

what is Kd

A

Partition coefficent - it tells us if the metals are more likely to be in the dissolved or particulate forms

metals with smaller kd are more likely to remain dissolved

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19
Q

what is it meant by trigger values

A

Trigger values for ecosystem protection are based on the
amount (%) of species that are unlikely to be affected by
the given median concentration of particular pollutants

20
Q

what is LOP

A

level of protection - percentage of species that will be reamin uanffected given change in water health

21
Q

what is resilence (sensistivites) meant in an ecosystem

A

is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to
a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering
quickly.

22
Q

what contributes to a healthy stream

A
  • range of flows
  • resilent to droughts or floods
  • ability to transport sediment
  • bed and bank stability
  • divesity of habitat
  • riparian buffer
23
Q

list some chareteristics of soft bedded rivers

A

low energy - low velocity - depositional

depositiont of sediment near discharges and limited capacity to dilute inflows

24
Q

list some chareteristics of stony rivers

A

high enegry - high velocity - dispersional

contact with dissolved contaminents
contact with contamintaed biofilms

25
Q

what casues lake stratification a

A

seasonal temperature change which causes different layers of water temperatures.

26
Q

what are the implications of lake stratification

A
  1. Different physical and chemical characteristics of water layers
  2. Biota and their biochemical reaction rates are different
  3. Major difference is dissolved oxygen variation between upper and lower layers
  4. Lake turnover can occur when surface water ≤ temperature as deeper water: autumn and spring
27
Q

what are lakes key vunerabilitys

A
  • eutrophication
  • acculmilation of sediments
  • inflowing rivers bring contaminents
  • dispersion and dilution is limited
  • settling of particles occurs
28
Q

what are esturies

A

saltwater/fresh water (brakish)
- extreme spatial varibilty in salinity
- most productive ecological systems on earth
- complex trophic relationships

29
Q

what are the key features of Ground water

A

▪ Layering: unsaturated surface soils, saturated layers of variousvpermeability
▪ 3D system, with interactions and variability in all dimensions
▪ It takes time for fluid (and contaminants) to move throughout the
systems: Lag time in seeing effects of contaminant inputs
▪ Role of soils or particulate component in filtration, adsorbtion, precipitation
▪ Potentially affected by a variety of land use activities over large spatial distribution

30
Q

what are the two zones of ground water

A

zone of areation - unsaturated soil near the surface
zone of saturation - saturated soil below zone of areation

31
Q

what is ground waters key vunerabilitys

A
  • Lag effect in seeing elevated pollutant levels compared to timing of polluted discharge
    ▪ Separation to groundwater from surface contributes to vulnerability
    ▪ Sensitivity of downgradient users of groundwater (including public
    health risks)
32
Q

What is a sponge city

A

Sponge cities’ are urban areas with abundant natural areas such as trees, lakes and parks – or other good designs intended to absorb rain and prevent flooding

33
Q

what are some ideas of water sensitive urban desgin

A

Sediment & rubbish removal
* Plant maintenance (weeding, trimming,
fertilisation, watering)
* Unblocking & repairing flow control
structures
* Replacement of filter media & soil
* Cleaning & repair of pipes and chambers

34
Q

what are the benefits of WSUD (water sensitive desgin)

A

For water:
* more natural response to rainfall, fewer problems with flooding and erosion
* healthier aquatic ecosystems
* groundwater recharge
For the land:
* preservation of soils
* provision of habitat
For people:
* recreational spaces
* health & wellbeing

35
Q

What are some benfits of rain gardens

A

rain gardens can be a way to reduce runoff from your property. Rain gardens can also help filter out pollutants in runoff and provide food and shelter for butterflies, song birds and other wildlife

36
Q

what are some stormwater treatment systems

A

engineered wetlands, wet & dry detention basins, rain gardens/bioretention cells, and
grassed swales

37
Q

what does a stormintator do and how does it work

A

dissolved metals can be removed from stormwater by filtration
through mussel shell media and gravity

38
Q

what will happen to
ammonia in the soil in the presence of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria?

A

Nitrifying bacteria transform ammonia to nitrites, then quickly through to nitrates.
Denitrifying bacteria transform the generated nitrate into N2, a gas form that is released into
the atmosphere (volatilisation). Key point is nitrification and denitrification are not reciprocal
process (i.e. moving ammonia to nitrates, and nitrates back to ammonia), but instead create a
sequential pathway for ammonia to be transforms and ultimately released from soil/water
environments into the atmosphere.

39
Q

Explain why phosphorus is known as the ‘growth-limiting’ factor for primary producers

A

Redfield ratio tells us how much carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus plants need to grow their biomass. Only a little bit of phosphorus is required to enable growth, but is typically less
abundant than carbon or nitrogen in natural waters.

40
Q

how does the hydrograph of an urban stream compare to rural stream

A

larger peak, faster to reach peak flow, lower base flow

41
Q

Explain why estuaries are typically nutrient-rich environments

A

Due to null zone where incoming tide and outgoing freshwater meet and velocity equals zero (so has
no energy to hold particles). Sediment must deposit and typically this sediment has associated
nutrients bound to it, so estuaries become location where nutrient-rich sediment is accumulated.

42
Q

how do u reduce flashy hydrogrpah in an urban stream with WSUD

A

Minimising impermeable surfaces through urban design & implementation of storage/soakage systems.

this creates reduced runoff and capture and slowly releasing excess runoff allows for a more natural hydrloic response

43
Q

how would u reduce contaminants and nutrients entering water ways with WSUD

A

Provide stormwater treatment trains; protect & restore waterways

44
Q

how would u reduce Altered channel morphology in an urban stream

A

Slow water down, provide a diverse range of habitats (as would occur in a natural waterway), restore natural waterway forms

45
Q

define hydralic neutrality

A

Hydraulic neutrality means capturing and slowly releasing (or discharging to soakage, or re-using) stormwater runoff from your site, so that you don’t exceed the peak pre-development flow rate.

it could look like holding excess runoff flow in tempoary storage so water does not exceed peak pre development flow

46
Q

describe a treatment process to remove heavy metals and sediment

A

settling and added alkalinity to precipitate metals out then filter or settle

47
Q

what resource consents are normally required for SW areas

A

Discharge to surface water (due to required outlet – controls on pollutant quality,
flowrate)
Discharge to groundwater (due to infiltration)

Stormwater (2 decks)

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