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ENVS 200 > Mid term terms > Flashcards

Mid term terms Flashcards

1
Q

science

A

empirical -originating in or based on observation or experience reliable, dynamic

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2
Q

ecology

A

the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions that determine that distribution and abundance, and the relationships between organisms and the transformation and flue of energy and matter (abundance, distribution, interactions, relationships, transformation) ADIRT

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3
Q

Environmentalism

A

Science does not decide what we should do or evaluations, Ecology does not tell us what we should do about its, social movement through ecology

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4
Q

applied ecology

A

applied ecology tends to focus on environmental management issues. This can be in relation to habitat quality, restoration, population management, and many other issues.

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5
Q

First law of ecology

A

everything is connected to everything else

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6
Q

Anthropocene

A

Defined by impacts we had on the planet as humans

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7
Q

Scientific method

A

question, hypothesis, test to do it, conclusion through experiment -support or not support

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8
Q

Scientific names

A
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9
Q

Analogous

A

having similarities in functions but different evolutionary origins

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10
Q

Homologous

A

same evolutionary orgian but may not have same function (arm of human and wing of bat)

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11
Q

Convergent evolution

A

evolved in isolation from each other and than converged having remarkably similar forms or behavior or function

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12
Q

Speciation/macroevolution

A

creation of new species, if they change genetics and can no longer create offspring with the original species

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13
Q

Endemic

A

a species being unique to a defined geographic location

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14
Q

Fitness

A

likely hood of animal to survive natural selection

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15
Q

survival of the fitness

A

Those best able to survive the risks and hazards of environments in which they were born and grew, those who survived were most cabable of sucessful reproduction
An individual will survive beter, reproduce more, and leave more decendents it will be fitter

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16
Q

Evolution

A

is the change, over time, in the heritable characteristics of a population or species, is inevitable

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

favoured some variants within species through a struggle for existance -discovered by darwin and wallace

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18
Q

Parallel evolution

A

diversify from common ancestor line and both inherited a common set of potentials and constraints

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19
Q

Sympatric evolution

A

Started with one species in one location then the species is separated by behavioural characteristics (feeding habits, habitat preferences, etc,) that cause the genetics of the species to change

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20
Q

Allopatric evolution

A

When the subpopulations are in different places (split from each other)

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21
Q

Co-evolution

A

two things influencing each other in the process of evolution -ex hosts and parastites are caught in the never ending reciprocating selection causing them to coevolve, Species if they can potetially breed together in nature to produce fertile ofspring

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22
Q

Mutualism

A

When both or all of the individuals benefit from the relationship

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23
Q

Common garden experiment

A

growing high and low elevation plants that were grown together which eliminted any influence of constrasting immediate enviornments

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24
Q

Reciprocal transplant experiment

A

tests the match between organisms and their environment
Comparing their performance where they are grown at “home” to their performance “away”
Done by taking two individuals and putting them each other’s environments to see if they react/thrive similarly or differently

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25
Q

Constitutive chemical

A

A constantly active protection chemical within a plant that repels it’s predators

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26
Q

Inducive chemicals

A

A intermittently active protection chemical within a plant that repels it’s predators

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27
Q

Microevolution

A

adaption (evolution within species)

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28
Q

Macroevolution

A

speciation (ecology of speciation)

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29
Q

Species Autotrophs

A

an organsim that can produce its own food using light/water/carbon dioxide/ etc

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30
Q

Niche

A

ole an organisim plays in a community -like tempature or terain it requires or predation/competition with other species

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31
Q

Response curves

A

A scientific way to track a species reaction to independent variables (ie: temperatures, resources, etc,)

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32
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

harmless/harmful Ex. milk snake looks like coral snake which is harmful

33
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

harmful/harmful Ex. viceroy not toxic so mimic monarch to develop the toxins, not but actually both harmful

34
Q

novel ecosystems

A

a system of abiotic, biotic and social components that, by virtue of human influence, differ from those that prevailed historically, having a tendency to self-organize and manifest novel qualities without intensive human management

35
Q

biomes

A

every biome has gradients of physicochemical conditions related to local topogreophy and geology
Tropical Rainforest, Temperate Forest, Desert, Tundra, Boreal Forest, Grasslands, Savanna.

36
Q

Survivorship curves

A

Type 1: mortality is concentraded toward the end of the maximum life span
Type 2: a straight line signifying consistent mortality rate from birth to maximium age
Type 3: extensive early mortality but a high rate of subsiquent survival

37
Q

Cohort

A

all individuals born within a particular period of the same population

38
Q

Perennial

A

life cycle extended over several or many years

39
Q

Biennial

A

spend their first year in vegitative growth and then flower and die in the second or a later year

40
Q

Iteroparous

A

breed repeatetly devoting some resource during breeding episode not to breeding itself, but to survival to further breeding episodes

41
Q

Semelparous

A

single reproducticve episode with no resources set aside for future survival, so that the reproduction is followed by quick death

42
Q

Carrying capacity

A

a species’ average population size in a particular habitat. The species population size is limited by environmental factors like adequate food, shelter, water, and mates.

43
Q

ramet

A

Groups of organisms such as plants, fungi, and bacteria that are genetically identical which are obtained from the same ancestors via vegetative reproduction only but not sexual reproduction are called ramets

44
Q

Modular

A

modular organisims like trees/herbs/shrubs grow by the repeted production of “modules” (leaves, individual cells, coral polyps, etc)
Module starts life as multicellular outgrowth from another module and proceds through its own life cycle to maturity and death

45
Q

Unitary

A

such as birds, insects, reptiles and mammals, whole form of utilitary organsisims and their program of development is predictable and determinate

46
Q

K-species

A

More competition for limited resources, fewer, larger, slower, ex.whale

47
Q

r-species

A

Colonize new habitats, lots, small, ex.mice,rabits

48
Q

interspecific

A

different species

49
Q

intraspecific

A

diffrent species interacting

50
Q

Competition

A

Direct or indirect interaction of organisms that leads to a change in fitness when they share the same resource

51
Q

Interference competition

A

living in same area for resources, mates

52
Q

Exploitation competition

A

inderect interaction through shared resource

53
Q

Apparent competition

A

patterns appear to suggest competion between to species -prey switching behaviour between preditor

54
Q

predation

A

invariably kill their prey, usually immediately after attacking them

55
Q

Grazers

A

Attack several or many prey iteams in the course of their life, Consume only part of each prey item, do not usually kill their prey

56
Q

Parasitism

A

attack one or few, eat part

57
Q

realized niche

A

is the comination of conditions and resources that allow it to exist, grow, and reproduce in the presence of specified other species that might be harmful to its existance

58
Q

fundamental niche

A

is the combination of conditions and resources that allow that species to exist, grow, and reproduce when considered in isolation from any other species that might be harmful to its existence

59
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

if 2 competing species coexist in a stable enviornment, then they do so as a result of niche differentation if however there is no diffrence, or it is precluded by the habitat, then one competing species will eliminate or exclude the other

60
Q

colonization-competition

A

a stabilizing mechanism that has been proposed to explain species diversity in some biological systems, especially those that are not in equilibrium. In which case some species are particularly good at colonizing and others have well-established survival abilities

61
Q

trade-off

A

the process when a triat increaseses in fitness at the exprense of ddecresed fitness in another trait

62
Q

character displacement

A

an evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit the same enviornment -natural selection favours a divergence in the characteristics

63
Q

niche complementarity

A

niche diffrentation in a commmunity of species involves several niche dimensions

64
Q

niche differentiation

A

differention of their realized niches or differental resource utilization that allows competerors to coexist

65
Q

niche gradients

A

ecological conditions such as temperatures, pH, etc. that are found in a species niche

66
Q

facultative mutualism

A

species can survive apart ex.cedar waxwings eating seeds and dumping elsewhere

67
Q

obligate mutualism

A

species cannot survive apart -fewever examples/more uniquie Ex. Fig and female fig wasp

68
Q

Novel Ecosystems

A

are human-built, modified, or engineered niches of the Anthropocene

69
Q

Habitat

A

area and resources used by a species or plants/animals together

70
Q

hierarchy of ecology

A

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

71
Q

Climate variability

A

the way aspects of climate (such as temperature and precipitation) differ from an average. Climate variability occurs due to natural and sometimes periodic changes in the circulation of the air and ocean, volcanic eruptions, and other factors.

72
Q

monarchs

A

migration pattern is not widley distributed, western and eastern population, bioclimatic niche

73
Q

density independence

A

Does not influece mortality or birth rate as population shrinks or grows

74
Q

density dependence

A

More individuals decrese in birth rate or matality

75
Q

B-D+I-E

A

birth-deaths+immigration-emigration

76
Q

ecological community

A

an assemblage of populations of at least two species interacting directly or inderectly

77
Q

Ro

A

R0= basic reproductive rate, Ro>1 pop is increased in a generation, Ro<1 pop is decreased in a generation

78
Q

r

A

r= intrinsic rate of natural increase

79
Q

niche gradient

A

Aspects of a niche environment that correspond to how the species can live there (ie: temperature, sunlight, food, etc.)

ENVS 200 (1 decks)

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