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ENVS 200 > Mid term terms > Flashcards

Mid term terms Flashcards

1
Q

science

A

empirical -originating in or based on observation or experience reliable, dynamic

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2
Q

ecology

A

the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions that determine that distribution and abundance, and the relationships between organisms and the transformation and flue of energy and matter (abundance, distribution, interactions, relationships, transformation) ADIRT

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3
Q

Environmentalism

A

Science does not decide what we should do or evaluations, Ecology does not tell us what we should do about its, social movement through ecology

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4
Q

applied ecology

A

applied ecology tends to focus on environmental management issues. This can be in relation to habitat quality, restoration, population management, and many other issues.

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5
Q

First law of ecology

A

everything is connected to everything else

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6
Q

Anthropocene

A

Defined by impacts we had on the planet as humans

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7
Q

Scientific method

A

question, hypothesis, test to do it, conclusion through experiment -support or not support

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8
Q

Scientific names

A
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9
Q

Analogous

A

having similarities in functions but different evolutionary origins

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10
Q

Homologous

A

same evolutionary orgian but may not have same function (arm of human and wing of bat)

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11
Q

Convergent evolution

A

evolved in isolation from each other and than converged having remarkably similar forms or behavior or function

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12
Q

Speciation/macroevolution

A

creation of new species, if they change genetics and can no longer create offspring with the original species

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13
Q

Endemic

A

a species being unique to a defined geographic location

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14
Q

Fitness

A

likely hood of animal to survive natural selection

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15
Q

survival of the fitness

A

Those best able to survive the risks and hazards of environments in which they were born and grew, those who survived were most cabable of sucessful reproduction
An individual will survive beter, reproduce more, and leave more decendents it will be fitter

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16
Q

Evolution

A

is the change, over time, in the heritable characteristics of a population or species, is inevitable

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

favoured some variants within species through a struggle for existance -discovered by darwin and wallace

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18
Q

Parallel evolution

A

diversify from common ancestor line and both inherited a common set of potentials and constraints

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19
Q

Sympatric evolution

A

Started with one species in one location then the species is separated by behavioural characteristics (feeding habits, habitat preferences, etc,) that cause the genetics of the species to change

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20
Q

Allopatric evolution

A

When the subpopulations are in different places (split from each other)

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21
Q

Co-evolution

A

two things influencing each other in the process of evolution -ex hosts and parastites are caught in the never ending reciprocating selection causing them to coevolve, Species if they can potetially breed together in nature to produce fertile ofspring

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22
Q

Mutualism

A

When both or all of the individuals benefit from the relationship

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23
Q

Common garden experiment

A

growing high and low elevation plants that were grown together which eliminted any influence of constrasting immediate enviornments

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24
Q

Reciprocal transplant experiment

A

tests the match between organisms and their environment
Comparing their performance where they are grown at “home” to their performance “away”
Done by taking two individuals and putting them each other’s environments to see if they react/thrive similarly or differently

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25
Constitutive chemical
A constantly active protection chemical within a plant that repels it's predators
26
Inducive chemicals
A intermittently active protection chemical within a plant that repels it's predators
27
Microevolution
adaption (evolution within species)
28
Macroevolution
speciation (ecology of speciation)
29
Species Autotrophs
an organsim that can produce its own food using light/water/carbon dioxide/ etc
30
Niche
ole an organisim plays in a community -like tempature or terain it requires or predation/competition with other species
31
Response curves
A scientific way to track a species reaction to independent variables (ie: temperatures, resources, etc,)
32
Batesian mimicry
harmless/harmful Ex. milk snake looks like coral snake which is harmful
33
Mullerian mimicry
harmful/harmful Ex. viceroy not toxic so mimic monarch to develop the toxins, not but actually both harmful
34
novel ecosystems
a system of abiotic, biotic and social components that, by virtue of human influence, differ from those that prevailed historically, having a tendency to self-organize and manifest novel qualities without intensive human management
35
biomes
every biome has gradients of physicochemical conditions related to local topogreophy and geology Tropical Rainforest, Temperate Forest, Desert, Tundra, Boreal Forest, Grasslands, Savanna.
36
Survivorship curves
Type 1: mortality is concentraded toward the end of the maximum life span Type 2: a straight line signifying consistent mortality rate from birth to maximium age Type 3: extensive early mortality but a high rate of subsiquent survival
37
Cohort
all individuals born within a particular period of the same population
38
Perennial
life cycle extended over several or many years
39
Biennial
spend their first year in vegitative growth and then flower and die in the second or a later year
40
Iteroparous
breed repeatetly devoting some resource during breeding episode not to breeding itself, but to survival to further breeding episodes
41
Semelparous
single reproducticve episode with no resources set aside for future survival, so that the reproduction is followed by quick death
42
Carrying capacity
a species' average population size in a particular habitat. The species population size is limited by environmental factors like adequate food, shelter, water, and mates.
43
ramet
Groups of organisms such as plants, fungi, and bacteria that are genetically identical which are obtained from the same ancestors via vegetative reproduction only but not sexual reproduction are called ramets
44
Modular
modular organisims like trees/herbs/shrubs grow by the repeted production of "modules" (leaves, individual cells, coral polyps, etc) Module starts life as multicellular outgrowth from another module and proceds through its own life cycle to maturity and death
45
Unitary
such as birds, insects, reptiles and mammals, whole form of utilitary organsisims and their program of development is predictable and determinate
46
K-species
More competition for limited resources, fewer, larger, slower, ex.whale
47
r-species
Colonize new habitats, lots, small, ex.mice,rabits
48
interspecific
different species
49
intraspecific
diffrent species interacting
50
Competition
Direct or indirect interaction of organisms that leads to a change in fitness when they share the same resource
51
Interference competition
living in same area for resources, mates
52
Exploitation competition
inderect interaction through shared resource
53
Apparent competition
patterns appear to suggest competion between to species -prey switching behaviour between preditor
54
predation
invariably kill their prey, usually immediately after attacking them
55
Grazers
Attack several or many prey iteams in the course of their life, Consume only part of each prey item, do not usually kill their prey
56
Parasitism
attack one or few, eat part
57
realized niche
is the comination of conditions and resources that allow it to exist, grow, and reproduce in the presence of specified other species that might be harmful to its existance
58
fundamental niche
is the combination of conditions and resources that allow that species to exist, grow, and reproduce when considered in isolation from any other species that might be harmful to its existence
59
competitive exclusion principle
if 2 competing species coexist in a stable enviornment, then they do so as a result of niche differentation if however there is no diffrence, or it is precluded by the habitat, then one competing species will eliminate or exclude the other
60
colonization-competition
a stabilizing mechanism that has been proposed to explain species diversity in some biological systems, especially those that are not in equilibrium. In which case some species are particularly good at colonizing and others have well-established survival abilities
61
trade-off
the process when a triat increaseses in fitness at the exprense of ddecresed fitness in another trait
62
character displacement
an evolutionary change that occurs when two similar species inhabit the same enviornment -natural selection favours a divergence in the characteristics
63
niche complementarity
niche diffrentation in a commmunity of species involves several niche dimensions
64
niche differentiation
differention of their realized niches or differental resource utilization that allows competerors to coexist
65
niche gradients
ecological conditions such as temperatures, pH, etc. that are found in a species niche
66
facultative mutualism
species can survive apart ex.cedar waxwings eating seeds and dumping elsewhere
67
obligate mutualism
species cannot survive apart -fewever examples/more uniquie Ex. Fig and female fig wasp
68
Novel Ecosystems
are human-built, modified, or engineered niches of the Anthropocene
69
Habitat
area and resources used by a species or plants/animals together
70
hierarchy of ecology
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
71
Climate variability
the way aspects of climate (such as temperature and precipitation) differ from an average. Climate variability occurs due to natural and sometimes periodic changes in the circulation of the air and ocean, volcanic eruptions, and other factors.
72
monarchs
migration pattern is not widley distributed, western and eastern population, bioclimatic niche
73
density independence
Does not influece mortality or birth rate as population shrinks or grows
74
density dependence
More individuals decrese in birth rate or matality
75
B-D+I-E
birth-deaths+immigration-emigration
76
ecological community
an assemblage of populations of at least two species interacting directly or inderectly
77
Ro
R0= basic reproductive rate, Ro>1 pop is increased in a generation, Ro<1 pop is decreased in a generation
78
r
r= intrinsic rate of natural increase
79
niche gradient
Aspects of a niche environment that correspond to how the species can live there (ie: temperature, sunlight, food, etc.)

ENVS 200 (1 decks)

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