mid term MEMORIZING

Question 1

Answer 1

vector form of horizontal momentum equation in (x,y,p) coordinate system

Question 2

Thus the forcing of the ageostrophic wind can be divided conveniently into the two parts,

Answer 2

the isallobaric wind and the advective wind.

Question 3

geopotential tendancy

Answer 3

Question 4

From the above (15) it follows that the isallobaric wind is determined by

Answer 4

the gradient of the isolines of do p/do t

Question 5

the isallobaric wind is determined by the gradient of the isolines of do p/ do t

these are

Answer 5

the lines connecting the equal amounts of surface pressure change (isallobars)

Question 6

at point a

at point b

Answer 6

Question 7

The direction of the isallobaric wind is perpendicular to

Answer 7

the isallobars

Question 8

The direction of the isallobaric wind is perpendicular to the isallobars, always pointing towards the

Answer 8

falling pressure

Question 9

The direction of the isallobaric wind is perpendicular to the isallobars, always pointing towards the falling pressure (i.e., pointing to the

Answer 9

minimum value where the strongest pressure decrease) in surface pressure is located.

Question 10

the advective wind arises when the

Answer 10

geostrophic wind is not uniform, as in diffluent or confluent flow pattern.

Question 11

In diffluent flow pattern (fig), the geostrophic wind decreases

Answer 11

in positive x-direction

Question 12

in diffluent flow pattern (fig), the geostrophic wind decreases in positive x-direction due to

Answer 12

the larger spacing between the isobars indicating smaller pressure gradient.

Question 13

as u > 0

Answer 13

Question 14

in this case the wind speed will

Answer 14

decrease

Question 15

In the analogous case of a confluent flow the wind speed will

Answer 15

increase

Question 16

When heights are falling the isobaric wind is

Answer 16

convergent

Question 17

when hights are rising the isallobaric wind is

Answer 17

divergent

Question 18

When there is Positive Vorticity Advection (PVA) the advective wind is

Answer 18

divergent

Question 19

When there is Negative Vorticity Advection (NVA) the advective wind is

Answer 19

convergent

Question 20

static stability parameter

Answer 20

Question 21

static stability parameter 􏱾 is a positive number for a

Answer 21

stable atmosphere

Question 22

the equation states that

Answer 22

temperature change at a particular location and height is a function of temperature advection by geostrophic wind and vertical motion.

Question 23

temperature advection relationship

Answer 23

Question 24

vertical motion relationship

Answer 24

Question 25

because in a hydrostatic atmosphere do o| /do p is proportional to

Answer 25

the temperature (T) of the layer

Question 26

the last term disapears because

Answer 26

if we assume that the static stability parameter 􏱾 is constant with height, the last term disappears

Question 27

For a sinusoidal disturbance having a zero mean value, the horizontal

Laplacian of a field is proportional to

Answer 27

the negative of the field

Question 28

the first term represents

Answer 28

the advection of absolute vorticity by the geostrophic wind.

Question 29

the advection of absolute vorticity by the geostrophic wind relationships

Answer 29

Question 30

term B is proportional to

Answer 30

the vertical derivative of temperature advection

Question 31

the vertical derivative of temperature advection relationship

Answer 31

Question 32

Strong CA over weak CA has the same effect asweak WA over strong WA

Answer 32

weak WA over strong WA

Question 33

the third term represents

which behave similarly to

Answer 33

the differential heating term

the differential thermal advection term

Question 34

The differential heating term relationship

Answer 34

Question 35

Another useful way of writing the essence of the Q-G tendency equation is in qualitative form, as:

Answer 35

Question 36

Thus, in quasi-geostrophic theory, there are only three ways for heights to fall. These are through:

Answer 36

1. Positive Vorticity Advection or
2. WA that increases with height or
3. Diabatic heating that increases with height

Question 37

Le Chatelier’s Principle, states that

Answer 37

states that many natural systems will resist changes, and if forced to change, will react with process that try to restore the original state.

Question 38

We can see Le Chatelier’s principle at work in the

Answer 38

differential thermal advection and diabatic heating terms of the Q-G tendency equation.

Question 39

these height rises and falls indicate that there must be a change in the vorticity at these levels

Answer 39

• increased vorticity where there are height falls, and
• decreased vorticity where there are height rises

Question 40

To accomplish this vorticity change in a quasi-geostrophic framework, there must be

Answer 40

convergence where there are height falls, and divergence where there are height rises.

Question 41

The convergence/divergence pattern leads to:

Answer 41

• upward motion and adiabatic cooling in the lower levels, and
• subsidence and adiabatic warming in the upper levels.

Question 42

The adiabatic heating/cooling thus, opposes the

Answer 42

original temperature change due to advection.