Mid-term Main Flashcards
Caesaropapism (451-751)
Caesaropapism (451-751)
The idea that the emperor was over the church and could control it. The Byzantine Emperors thought that they were over the pope just like the patriarch of Constantinople such as during the monophysite controversy when they would kidnap and intimidate the popes. The Emperor acts as leader of the Church.
Charles Martel
Charles Martel (714-741)
Lived 714-741
With the help of the Lombards he defeated the Arabs at the battle of Poitiers in 732. Pope Gregory III wanted to become an ally with him but he refused because the Lombards had helped him.
Donation of Constantine
Written during AD 750 while Zacharias was the Pope
It was a forgery which was written from Constantine to Pope Sylvester I
It gave the Pope authority over the other patriarchs, over the emperor and gave all of Western Europe to the Pope
It was a rebuttal of Caesaropapism
Gregory II (715-731)
Gregory II (715-731)
He was one of the four Popes of the 8th century who helped the papacy grow
He wanted to project the papacy’s power over all of Western Christendom
Commissioned the English missionary Boniface to go to Germany in 723
Promoted pilgrimages to Rome
A good administrator
Rebuilt churches in Rome
Fought against the iconoclast Emperors by refusing to send taxes or men for their army. He reacted against the iconoclasts for two reasons:
Laymen can’t decide doctrine
It was a negation of the incarnation
John of Damascus (675-750)
John of Damascus (675-750)
Was the chief spokesmen of the Iconodules from 726-787
Wrote a treatise on icons-
He distinguished between veneration and worship of icons
Arguments largely Christological-
God is the original maker of the universe and the Son is the image of the Father (Hebrews 1:3; Col. 1:15; 2 Cor. 4:4).
The Holy Spirit is the image of the Son and man was made in the image of God (Gen. 1:26)
An icon is an image of the Image Jesus Christ.
Also, spiritual and invisible realities are conveyed through visible things such as the sacraments. See also Rom. 1:20.
Pepin the Short (741-768) and Papal States
Pepin the Short (741-768) and Papal States
Father of Charlemagne
He became the Frankish king with the Pope’s support and was crowned by Boniface in 751 and by Pope Stephen (752-757) in 754
Pepin invaded Italy and defeated the Lombards. He then donated the land to the Pope in 756 for the good of his soul which then created the Papal States.
He saw himself as a priest with the authority to call councils, oversee monasteries and administer the church like Constantine
Pope Zacharias (741-752)
Pope Zacharias (741-752)
Was one of the four popes that helped the papacy grow
During his reign the Donation of Constantine was forged
He authorized the deposition of the last Merovingian Monarch and the crowning of Pepin the Short as king of the Franks. This was the beginning of the alliance between the Papacy and the Frankish Kingdom.
The Pope saw this as showing that the papacy was superior to any temporal authority
The Advantages to this alliance:
Popes gained temporal power
Could influence society more readily
Disadvantages to this alliance:
Papacy became dependent on secular power
Church abandoned her prophetic role and was subservient to the state
Amand (590-675)
Amand (590-675)
- He was a French monk inspired by Columbanus
- He continued the same mission work on the continent establishing 230 monasteries in Northern France
- He began the evangelization of Flanders
High Caliphate (692-945)
High Caliphate (692-945)
- The golden age of Islamic culture in the Middle Ages.
- Arabic became the official language
- Coins were minted with Quran verses
- Islam developed a distinctive art and architecture
- New Islamic cities were built
- Mosques had open patios, marble, and mosaics. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was being constructed in 692.
- The Umayyad Caliphate ended in 750 and was replaced with the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. They continued this golden age.
- Christians living under the High Caliphate-
o Most adopted Arabic
o Along with Jews payed the Jizya a poll tax to the government
o Could use their church buildings but couldn’t make new ones. Monasteries could be built.
o Couldn’t ring bells or wear crosses
o Could use wine in the Lord’s Supper but couldn’t have weapons
o Had to wear distinctive clothing and live in their own ghettos
Merovinginas (-700)
Merovinginas (-700)
- Founder was Clovis 481-511 and in 496 he converted to Nicene Christianity.
- The Merovingians eventually created an empire called Francia
- Their power was limited in that they had no capital and wandered from place to place. They had to rely on lay aristocrats and bishops at the local level.
- They are called the do-nothing kings
- The Merovingians were not sympathetic to Irish and British monks. Columbus criticized the king for his concubines and was then refused entry into Francia
- It was attempted to Christianize Francia but it remained mainly pagan.
- Why were they so weak?
o The size of their kingdom
o Friction between the king and the bishops who wielded power
o Paganism
o Weak kings
o Rural aristocracy in the Northern Francia was the real power behind the throne
Mozarabs (700s)
Mozarabs (700s)
- Christians who lived in Al-Andalus and began adopting Arabic language and culture
- 754 a Mozarabic Chronicle was written and a liturgy was developed. We have Mozarabic manuscripts of the Bible.
This first of the various controversies which took place during the Carolingian period had to do with Christology and was centered in Spain. The Christians in Spain were just beginning to reconquer the peninsula from the Muslims. The kingdom of the Franks played an important role in this conquest. However, there were many Christians in Spain called “Mozarabs” – Christians living under Muslim rule – who did not wish to be identified with the political ambitions of the Franks. Therefore, they clung to their Mozarabic liturgy, and were not concerned with keeping in line with the rest of Western Europe. The first proponent of what became know as “adoptionsim,” Elipandus of Toledo, lived under Muslim rule and claimed many phrases from the Mozarabic liturgy in support of his position. But the man at the center of the controversy was Bishop Felix of Urgel who was on the border between the Franks and the Moors. Charlemagne forced him to recant his adoptionist vows.
Theodore of Tarsus (668)
Theodore of Tarsus (668)
- He was made archbishop of Canterbury in 668 by Pope Vitalian
- He organized the English Church convoking the synod of Hertford in 673
- His policies included private confession and absolution, adoption of the Benedictian Rule and promoted learning by founding two monasteries which stressed scholarship: Wearmouth and Jarrow
Venerable Bede (672-735)
Venerable Bede (672-735)
- He was the leading scholar and theologian of the time
- He was the first English historian writing Ecclesial History of the English People
- He was an outstanding exegete culling passages from the patristic exegetes laying the groundwork for the commentary Glossa Ordina
- He was an excellent homolitician
- He translated the Gospel of John into Anglo-Saxon and was interested in evangelism and creating new bishoprics
- He illuminated Codex Amiatinus in the Scriptorium of Jarrow
Wynfrith (Boniface) (680-754)
Wynfrith (Boniface) (680-754)
- Was a monk in Exeter, England and called the apostle to the Germans
- He went to Rome twice in 718, 722. Pope Gregory II commissioned him as a missionary to Germany and gave him the name Boniface.
- Had four goals:
o Recover the land of the church
o Establish bishops and archbishops
o Establish monasteries
o Theological Education
- Boniface tied together the English and Irish missions
- He collaborated with the Carolingian dynasty and started the practice of archbishops to be ordained needing a pallum which can only be gotten in Rome
- He had success in Thuringia and Hesse from 723-737 where he felled a sacred Oak and had many conversions.
- Especially in the 740s, Boniface collaborated with the Frankish kings, especially with Pepin, the father of Charlemagne, in order to reform the Frankish church and eliminate abuses.
- He was sent to Bavaria where he organized three bishoprics and a monastery of Fulda
- In 754 he went to Frisia to proclaim the gospel and was ambushed and killed by angry pagans
Theodore the Studite (759-826)
Theodore the Studite (759-826)
- Was the abbot of the Studion Monastery of Constantinople
- Emperor Leo V (813-820) brought back iconoclasm and Theodore defended icons
- Theodore’s views won a lot of support.
Feast of Orthodoxy – March 11, 843
Feast of Orthodoxy – March 11, 843
- Theodora, wife of Theophilus, was an iconodule, she called a council after her husband died, and restored the icons for good. After the closing of the council, a solemn service of thanksgiving was celebrated in the Church of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia), on March 11, 843.
- This date is still commemorated by the Orthodox Church as the Feast of Orthodoxy.
Pope Hadrian I (772-795)
Pope Hadrian I (772-795)
- One of the two Popes Charlemagne interacted with
- He asserted the papacy’s independence from Byzantium by no longer dating Papal documents from the reign of Byzantium Emperors
- Hadrian was a member of the aristocracy
- Charlemagne thought that he was superior to the popes since the Carolingians created the Papal States. Charlemagne saw the Pope as his representative in Italy who was to agree with all his imperial policies. Hadrian I disagreed seeing himself as an ally not a servant.
Irene (797-802)
Irene (797-802)
- After Emperor Leo III it was Constantine V 741-775 and then Leo IV 775-780. Both were iconoclasts. When Leo IV died his infant son ruled 780-797with his wife Irene being regent.
- Irene was an iconodule and restored the icons
- She was ruthless and blinded her son and dethroned him and ruled from 7797-802
- Pope Hadran I said a woman can’t be on a throne and translated the title of Emperor to Charlemagne in 800
Louis the Pious (814-840)
Louis the Pious (814-840)
- Son of Charlemagne
- Carried on the Carolingian renaissance. Was the most interested in ecclesial reforms. With the help of Benedict of Aniane the Benedictian rule was updated and a model monastery was founded.
- Kingdom split into three parts at his death: Charles the Bald (Fancia), Louis the German and Lothair
Saxony
Saxony
- Charlemagne conquered numerous territories including Saxony in 772-804
- His conquests had a religious significance as well. His soldiers would fast and pray before battle.
- In these conquests Charlemagne was interested in evangelism as well. He sent both missionaries and soldiers to Saxony.
Seventh Ecumenical Council - 787
Seventh Ecumenical Council - 787
• Charlemagne - He had an alliance with the Byzantines but it was broken off causing the Byzantines not to invite the Carolingian theologians to the Seventh Ecumenical Council. The Carolingians reviewed the Seventh Ecumenical Council and sided with the iconoclasts but for different proof. Theodulf of Orleans was the most important Carolingian theologian.
Vita Canonica (700s)
Vita Canonica (700s)
- Charlemagne saw himself as the guardian of the Church
- He Reformed the Church:
· Restoration of Order: 3 orders-
Secular Clergy- parish priests and bishops - Priests were expected to live a monastic lifestyle as described in the Vita Canonica
Regular Clergy- the monks. They decided to go with the Benedictian rule
Laity- needed education, a uniform liturgy, hymns and sermons in French or German
Adoptionism (792)
Adoptionism (792)
• Under Charlamagne Council of Regensburg 792- rejected Adoptionism.
Agobard of Lyons (796-840)
Agobard of Lyons (796-840)
- born in Spain
- Named Archbishop Lyons in 816.
- Author of treatises designed to reduce superstition in his see, such as On Hail and Thunder and On the Illusion of Miracles.
Alcuin of York (735-804)
Alcuin of York (735-804)
- Scholar on the court of Charlemagne
- He studied at the Cathedral school in York which carried on the tradition of learning from the Venerable Bede
- He eventually became the director of the Cathedral school
- On traveling to Rome to get a pallium for the archbishop he met Charlemagne
- He taught in Aachen to Charlemagne and his family along with the nobles. He started collecting a library at the palace.
- He eventually headed the monastic school of St. Martin in Tours until his death. He developed an educational program and taught students who later became important theologians
Beatus of Liebana (Felix of Rugel) (772-795 time period)
Beatus of Liebana (Felix of Rugel) (772-795 time period)
- Felix of Urgel - An abbot in the Spanish region of Asturias, Pope Hadrian I.
- Taught Spanish heresy of adoptionism along with Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo.
Caroline Minuscule (789)
Caroline Minuscule (789)
• Elegant manuscript used in the production of manuscripts as part of the library improvement that took place during the Carolingian Renaissance and Charlemagne’s reign.
Einhard (died 830)
Einhard (died 830)
• Was a biographer of Charlemagne patterned after the Roman style
Paul the Deacon (720-799)
Paul the Deacon (720-799)
- Born in Friuli, in northern Italy
- Educated in Pavia, near Milan, at the court of the Lombard Kings
- Taught Charlemagne Latin
- Came to Charlemagne’s court in 776, requesting help for his family.
- In 785 he returned to Monte Cassino and continued to work there until his death in 799.
- Works
i. History of the Lombards
ii. History of the Bishops of Metz
iii. A Collection of Sermons
Theodulf of Orleans (750-821)
Theodulf of Orleans (750-821)
- Most important Carolingian theologian
- Taught Charlemagne Latin
- Born in Spain and educated in Narbonne, in Southern France.
- He came to Charlemagne’s court in 794.
- He served as Bishop of Orleans from 798 to 818.
- Louis the Pious (814-840) exiled him after Charlemagne’s death.
- Works
i. Against the Judges
ii. On the Holy Spirit
iii. The Caroline Books
iv. Hymns – “All Glory Laud and Honor”
Charles the Bald (840-877)
Charles the Bald (840-877)
- He did the most to carry on the Carolingian Renaissance promoting religious and educational goals.
- John Scotus Erigena 810-877 was an Irish monk and in charge of the palace school. He wrote “On the Division of Nature”
- He was the most profound and original theologian
- Introduced dialectics into theology
- Knew Greek and translated Pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus the Confessor and Basil the Great
- Introduces apophatic theology and Neo-platonic philosophy
- Taught that Augustine was not always right
Gottschalk of Orbais (805-868)
Gottschalk of Orbais (805-868)
- Was an intelligent monk but wanted to leave. Was refused and transferred from one monastery to another.
- He discovered the writings of Augustine and started denying free will, teaching double predestination and that the ministry of the church can’t help the damned.
- John Scotus Erigena wrote a defense of single predestination
- IN 839, on his way back from Rome he began to preach on double predestination in public.
- In the late 1840s he was captured and handed over to his supervisor, Hncmar. He was flogged and spent the rest of his life a prisoner in the monastery of Hauptvilliers.
John Scotus Erigena 810-877
John Scotus Erigena 810-877
- An Irish monk and in charge of the palace school in the court of Charles the Bald.
- He wrote “On the Division of Nature”
- He was the most profound and original theologian
- Introduced dialectics into theology
- Knew Greek and translated Pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus the Confessor and Basil the Great
- Introduces apophatic theology and Neo-platonic philosophy
- Taught that Augustine was not always right
Louis the German (840-876)
Louis the German (840-876)
- Grandson of Charlemagne
- Son of Louis the Pious
- At Louis the Pious death – the kingdom was split into three parts
- Louis the German ruled over the eastern kingdom
Oblates
Oblates
• A person dedicated to God or God’s service
Rabanus Maurus (776-856)
Rabanus Maurus (776-856)
- He was a pupil of Alcuin and director of the monastic school at Fulda. Later bishop of Mainz.
- His commitment to theological education in Germany earned him the title “Preceptor of Germany”
Ratramnus of Corbie (800-868)
Ratramnus of Corbie (800-868)
- The Lord’s Supper controversy
- Ratramnus was at the center of this controversy.
- Charles the Bald asked him to clarify the issue and he wrote that Christ was there spiritually.
Treaty of Verdun (843)
Treaty of Verdun (843)
- Divided the territories of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious had governed into three kingdoms
- Western kingdom under – Charles the Bald
- Middle kingdom under – Lothair
- Eastern kingdom under – Louis the German
Anskar (801-865)
Anskar (801-865)
- A monk from Corbie who was sent to evangelize to the Scandinavians – made his first trip there in 830.
- He was named bishop of Hamburg-Bremen in 832 which was used as a base of operations.
- His work had little fruit due to the strength of paganism and lack of political unity amongst the Scandinavians
- Rimbert, a Danish convert of Anskar’s, work about his work in the, Life.
Arno of Salzburg (784-821)
Arno of Salzburg (784-821)
• Was a bishop of Salzburg from 784-821, and sent German missionaries to the Slavic populations of Croatia and Carinthia
Boris (Michael) of Bulgaria (852-889)
Boris (Michael) of Bulgaria (852-889)
- Was interested in becoming Christian. He went with Orthodox Christianity after the Byzantines invaded
- In 864 he was baptized and became a godson of Emperor Michael III.
- Ruled from 852-889
- Met with Louis of Germany on the Danube River
- Received missionaries from both Rome and Constantinople.
- Nicholas I wrote a document giving Boris practical advice on how to change social customs and institutions after the country’s conversion.
Clement of Ohrid
Clement of Ohrid
- A disciple of Ohrid (died in 916)
- The Boyars and Prince Vladimir tried to bring Bulgaria back to paganism after Boris died.
- Simeon brought back the Orthodox faith and named Clement of Ohrid bishop of Velitz
Cyrillic Alphabet
Cyrillic Alphabet
- The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School by the disciples of the Byzantine theologians Cyril and Methodius.
- It is the basis of alphabets used in various languages, past and present, in parts of Southeastern Europe and Northern Eurasia, especially those of Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages influenced by Russian.
- As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages. About half of them are in Russia.
- Cyrillic is one of the most-used writing systems in the world.
Cyril and Methodius (860-)
Cyril and Methodius (860-)
- Cyril translated the New Testament, the liturgy and Byzantine law code into Old Church Slavonic creating the Cyrillic Alphabet
- Methodius trained trained leaders for the Moravian church
- Two popes backed the brothers including Pope John VIII 872-882
Photius (810-891)
Photius (810-891)
- An important scholar at the University of Constantinople
- Was made patriarch of Constantinople and accused the pope of heresy due to the filioque. Causing the Photian Schism of 867.
- He was the most accomplished theologian of the 9th century
- Wrote a book called “Bibliotheca” a description of 280 classical and Christian writings
- He was an excellent rhetorician
- He was also an excellent exegete and wrote “Amphilochia” a study of 240 difficult passages in the OT
- We have a collection of his sermons
- He also developed a theology of worship and defended the Greek definition of the procession of the Holy Spirit
Rastislav (862)
Rastislav (862)
• Rastislav of Moarvia sent an embassy to Constantinople and asked for missionaries in 862
Adalbert of Prague (956-997)
Adalbert of Prague (956-997)
- Born into a devout Christian Bohemian family
- Studied in Magdeburg under Adalbert of Trier
- He was the first Slav to be bishop and was bishop at Prague
- He had to leave for criticizing the Czech church
- He eventually went to Poland and Prussia as a missionary and was killed in Prussia
Adalbert of Trier (937)
Adalbert of Trier (937)
- Otto I founded a monastery in Magdeburg which became an episcopal see.
- It’s mission was to convert the slavs
- The first archbishop was Adalbert of Trier
Canute (1014-1035)
Canute (1014-1035)
• Consolidated Christianity in Denmark
Gizurr the White (1000)
Gizurr the White (1000)
• Iceland has one of the oldest parliaments in the world, the Althing, which around the year 1000 made Christianity the religion of the island after two Christians, Gizurr the White and Hjalti Skeggjason, made speeches in favor of Christianity.
Simeon (893-927)
Simeon (893-927)
- The Boyars and Prince Vladimir tried to bring Bulgaria back to paganism after Boris died. Simeon brought back the Orthodox faith and named Clement of Ohrid bishop of Velitza
- Under Simeon and his successors Bulgaria became a solidly Christian country with a Slavonic Christian literature and enjoyed a time of independence and imperial splendor.
- Adopted the title of tsar.
Vaclav (Wenceslas) (920)
Vaclav (Wenceslas) (920)
- A Bohemian prince who was baptized by German missionaries in 920 and built a church in Prague
- He was murdered and Bohemia reverted to paganism
Vladimir (988)
Vladimir (988)
- A Russian ruler baptized 988 and married Anna sister to the Byzantine Emperor Basil II
- Greek and Bulgarian churchmen went to Kiev and planted the Slavonic liturgy and built a new cathedral
- Vladimir created several episcopal sees and started a school at Kiev for training of Russian clergymen
- His sons were also devoted to the church
Wolfgang of Regensburg (973-994)
Wolfgang of Regensburg (973-994)
- Otto I in the battle of Lechfeld made the Magyars sedentary people which made mission work easier
- The German missionary Wolfgang bishop of Regensburg from 973-994 was the first to effect permanent conversion of the Magyars
Battle of Lechfeld (955)
Battle of Lechfeld (955)
• Otto I stopped the Magyars from raiding
Cluny (910)
Cluny (910)
• A monastery in Southeastern France- Burgandy which was completely free of lay control. It was a reform movement against lay control of the church.
Feudalism (900s)
Feudalism (900s)
- Developed because the central government couldn’t stop invasions and raids
- It arose from the invention of stirrups and horses in war and a hereditary nobility
- Characteristics of Feudalism:
- Privatization and fragmentation of political power
- Rites of homage and fealty
- Development of Feudal virtues: courage, loyalty, justice and wisdom
- Three part society:
i. Those who pray- oratores
ii. Those who fight- bellatores
iii. Those who work- laboratories
Normandy (911)
Normandy (911)
• Was given to the Viking Rollo by Charles the Simple of France
Otto I (936-973)
Otto I (936-973)
- King of Germany and declared the Holy Roman Emperor 962
- Battle of Lechfeld 955
- Otto I stopped the Magyars from raiding
- Son of Henry the Fowler.
Pornocracy (904-972)
Pornocracy (904-972)
- A time spanning 14 popes in the first half of the 10th Century
- Was controlled by the family of Theophylact the treasurer and head of the Roman militia. His daughter Marozia was the lover of pope Sergius III and the mother of John XI.
- It was ended by Otto I in the 960s.
Remigius of Auxerre (died 908)
Remigius of Auxerre (died 908)
- Taught at Reims and Paris, as well as in Auxerre
- Wrote commentaries on
- Genesis and Psalms
- Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy
- Grammarians Donatus and Priscian
- Martianus Capella’s – On Marriage
- Writings on logic
St. Gall (founded 720)
St. Gall (founded 720)
- Founded by an Irish missionary Gall
- Had one of the best manuscript collections in Latin Christendom
- In Switzerland
Abd ar-Rahman III (912-961)
Abd ar-Rahman III (912-961)
- A caliph of Al-Andalus of Spain.
- Was very capable. Al-Andalus grew in splendor and stability.
- There was economic prosperity and better conditions for the Mozarabic church
- Hroswitha wrote a description of Cordoba’s brilliance in 955
- Recemund of Elvira was an ambassador
Hroswitha (955)
Hroswitha (955)
• Wrote a description of Cordoba’s brilliance in 955
Martyrs of Cordoba (850-859)
Martyrs of Cordoba (850-859)
- Eulogius of Cordoba
- Paul Alvarus (died in 861)
- Recafred of Seville and the Council of Cordoba in 852
Mount Athos (1000)
Mount Athos (1000)
- Founded by Athanasius the Athonite who died in the year 1000
- It is in Northern Greece and hermits were already there but Athanasius wrote a Typikon or rule for the coenobitic monks
Nicephorus Phocas (963-969)
Nicephorus Phocas (963-969)
• Was one of the capable rulers of the Macedonian Dynasty 867-1025 of the Byzantine Empire
Recemund of Elvira
Recemund of Elvira
• Ambassador of ‘Abd ar-Rahman III
Symeon the “New Theologian” (949-1022)
Symeon the “New Theologian” (949-1022)
- Was a civil servant in the Byzantinian bureaucracy and entered a monastery in Studios
- He was the abbot of the monastery at St. Mamas and founded a new monastery near Constantinople
- His theology:
- Mystical and individualistic. He rejected Photius’ use of rhetoric.
- Stressed Scripture and the necessity of illumination to understand it.
- He wrote hymns
- He sent missionaries to Russia
Tetragamy Crisis
Leo VI a Macedonian Dynasty Emperor of the Byzantines married three times and then took a mistress Zoe who finally bore him a son in 906
