Mid-Term Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Johann Jahn
A
- He slightly expanded the concept of archaeology
- Published Biblische Archaologie (Biblical Archaeology)
Jahn’s Seven Sources for Biblical Archaeology
- Scriptures
- Ancient monuments
- Ancient coins
- Philo and Josephus
- Greek and Latin authorities - early church fathers
- Mishna - Jewish commentary of the Bible
- Ecclesiological writers
2
Q
W. F. Albright
A
- W. F. Albright was a leading figure in biblical archaeology
* Nobody dared to question his claims* Unfortunately, some of his claims were not substantiated by facts * Spoke several ancient languages * Spoke biblical Hebrew at a conference in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem * But his skills did not give him the right to make up facts * He was the father of biblical archaeology * This was at the time when high criticism of the Bible was at its peak, people trying to prove the Bible was not an inspired book. * Albright was actually a student of the same critical school * His intentions were to use archaeology to support current scholarship, but he ended up being converted in the process and came to believe that the Bible is reliable and inspired. * The evidence turned Albright against high criticism. * In his new attempt to prove the Bible is correct, he used the artifacts to prove his beliefs. * There was actually no evidence that Heshbon site was inhabited during the time of Moses. * Some named places in the Bible would move with the people. The same names of places were recycled, kinda like names of towns in New England. Or Memphis, Egypt vs. Memphis, TN.
3
Q
Jericho
A
a
4
Q
Samaria
A
a
5
Q
Gezer
A
- Gezer Calendar
* Gezer, Israel (10th century BC)
* Written in early Hebrew scripture, hard to read
* Agricultural calendar
6
Q
Hazor
A
- Jabin (Ibni) Tablet from Hazor
* “to Ibni…”
* Ibni is the sam name as Jabin—mentioned in the story of Deborah about Hazor
7
Q
Megiddo
A
- Jeroboam II Seal Impression
* Found at Megiddo
* This seal comes from Jeroboam II
* It belonged to a servant, Shema
8
Q
Jerusalem
A
- Jersualem cuneiform tablet
* Dates to the 14th century BC and testifies to the importance of Jerusalem in the LB
9
Q
William F. Petrie
A
- Tell el-Hesi
* Excavated (1890-94) by William F. Petrie* Petrie is the father of pottery chronology * Found that pottery changed shaped over different eras * This method was inaccurate at first, but has been perfected
10
Q
Tell el- Hesi
A
- Tell el-Hesi
* Excavated (1890-94) by William F. Petrie* Petrie is the father of pottery chronology * Found that pottery changed shaped over different eras * This method was inaccurate at first, but has been perfected * The hills were layers of human activity * Tell = arabic term for "ruin". In Hebrew it has only one "l" spelled as "Tel" * Just looks like a hill on the surface * Archaeologists began to look at these hills for more ruins
11
Q
N. Glueck
A
Nelson Glueck
- He did not excavate but spent all his time on surveys
- HIs conclusions regarding Transjordan were misleading and are not valid any longer
- He interpreted his findings based on what he was looking for
12
Q
K. Kenyon
A
Kathleen Kenyon
- British archaeologist
- Became famous in her time
- Method of excavation that is still used today - Balk Square System
- enables archaeologists to observe earth layers closely
- method was quickly adapted by others and is still used today
- Bulk is the unexcavated earth between the squares
- The bulk helps us see layers
- Excavated Samaria (1930-1935) and Jericho (1952-58)
13
Q
Enuma Elish
A
- Enuma Elish
* Babylonian
* Famous creation story
14
Q
Atrahasis Epic
A
- Atrahasis Epic
* Akkadian
* Creation and flood story
* Atrahasis is the name of a king from the story
15
Q
Eridu Genesis
A
- Eridu Genesis
* Sumerian
* Creation and flood
16
Q
Gilgamesh Epic
A
- Gilgamesh Epic
* Babylonian flood story
17
Q
Nineveh
A
Capital of Assyrian Empire
- Babylonian Chronicle—The Fall of Nineveh
- Describes the Fall of Nineveh (Nahum 3:7; Zephaniah 2:13-15)
18
Q
Ashurbanipal’s library
A
- Stela of Ashurbanipal
* Ashurbanipal is thought to be mentioned in Ezra 4:10 as Osnappar, an Assyrian king who resettled people in Samaria
* He probably took Manasseh into captivity
19
Q
Tiamat
A
One of the two gods from the Enuma Elish
20
Q
Marduk
A
Babylonian god, the son of Ea and Damkina.
21
Q
Kingu
A
Killed by Marduk. His blood is used to create humans.
22
Q
Gilgamesh
A
a
23
Q
Utnapishtim
A
a
24
Q
Zuisudra
A
a
25
Q
Atrahasis
A
a
26
Q
Nisir
A
a
27
Q
Nippur
A
a
28
Q
J. Wellhausen
A
a
29
Q
H. Gunkel
A
a
30
Q
Ur
A
- Sumerian King List
* Ur was a strong city during Abraham’s time
* Larsa, Babylon, c. 1800 BC
* Mentions a flood and long ages of antediluvians
31
Q
Nuzi
A
a
32
Q
MB II
A
a
33
Q
EBIV/MBI
A
Early Bronze Age IV
34
Q
Mari
A
a
35
Q
Bab Edh Dhra
A
a
36
Q
Numeira
A
a
37
Q
Ibni
A
a
38
Q
Baal
A
- Baal is the chief god of the Canaanites, especially during the time of Elijah
39
Q
Rosetta Stone
A
- Rosetta Stone
* Contains events and text in several different languages
* One of these was Greek, helped them translate the other languages
* Discovered at the small village of Rosetta by Napoleon’s troops
* Helped westerners interpret hieroglyphics
* Translated by Champollion
* Nothing biblical about the stone, but it helps us read hieroglyphics
40
Q
Hammurabi Law code
A
- Hammurabi Law Code
* Louvere
41
Q
Gezer Calendar
A
- Gezer Calendar
* Gezer, Israel (10th century BC)
* Written in early Hebrew scripture, hard to read
* Agricultural calendar
42
Q
Mesha Stela
A
- Mesha Inscription
* Dhiban Jordan
* Found completely intact when discovered (???) but was throne into the fire and was broken up in many pieces
* Only the lighter areas are the original stone
* 8th century stele by Moabite king Mesha
* There is a crusader’s castle nearby
43
Q
Dan Stela
A
a
44
Q
Black Obelisk
A
- Black Obelisk
* Depicts Israelite King Jehu bowing down before Shalmaneser III
45
Q
Siloam Inscription
A
a
46
Q
1450 BC
A
a
47
Q
1880 BC
A
a
48
Q
2095 BC
A
a
49
Q
Biblische Archaologie
A
Book published by Johann Jahn
The title means “Biblical Archaeology”
50
Q
Pym
A
- 1 Sam 13:21 - translation of a particular Hebrew word pym
* KJV translates the word as “file” for sharpening
* But everything changed when an artifact was discovered with pym inscription.
* Pym was a weight, 2/3 of a shekel. See the NKJV translation. About 7.8 grams.
51
Q
Shekel
A
Pym was a weight, 2/3 of a shekel. See the NKJV translation. About 7.8 grams.
52
Q
Biblical Archaeology
A
Jahn’s Seven Sources for Biblical Archaeology
- Scriptures
- Ancient monuments
- Ancient coins
- Philo and Josephus
- Greek and Latin authorities - early church fathers
- Mishna - Jewish commentary of the Bible
- Ecclesiological writers
The term “Biblical Archaeology” was under attack during the 1970s.
53
Q
archaeological surveys
A
- Surveys
* Research started with systematic surveys * American, British, French * Studies concerned with visible ruins related to Roman and later periods
54
Q
excavations
A
- Method of excavation that is still used today - Balk Square System
* enables archaeologists to observe earth layers closely * method was quickly adapted by others and is still used today * Bulk is the unexcavated earth between the squares * The bulk helps us see layers * Developed by Kathleen Kenyon
55
Q
pottery chronology
A
- William F. Petrie is the father of pottery chronology
* Found that pottery changed shaped over different eras
* This method was inaccurate at first, but has been perfected- Pottery is used for dating in biblical archaeology.
- Carbon 14 dating is not used because it is too unreliable.
- Pottery types changes frequently kinda like the style of cars we use today. Hmm, interesting.
- Most of the layers where archaeological artifacts are found are caused by destruction, not by natural events like floods, etc.
- Layers with lots of broken pottery or burnt material is caused by destruction. Okay, it could be caused by a fire. There could be various reasons.
56
Q
tell
A
- Tell = arabic term for “ruin”. In Hebrew it has only one “l” spelled as “Tel”
57
Q
excavating by trenches
A
a
58
Q
transjordan
A
a
59
Q
square/balk excavations
A
- Method of excavation that is still used today - Balk Square System
* enables archaeologists to observe earth layers closely * method was quickly adapted by others and is still used today * Bulk is the unexcavated earth between the squares * The bulk helps us see layers * Developed by Kathleen Kenyon
60
Q
excavating by peeling layers
A
a
61
Q
Similarity and difference between biblical accounts of creation and flood with ancient stories
A
a
62
Q
Elements of true primeval history
A
- The are true “primeval histories” that always include the following elements; creation, antediluvian history, flood story
63
Q
long sojourn
A
a
64
Q
short sojourn
A
a
65
Q
MT
A
Masoretic text
66
Q
LXX
A
Septuagint: the Greek translation of the Old Testament
67
Q
source criticism
A
a
68
Q
form criticism
A
a
69
Q
“saga”
A
a
70
Q
Teraphim
A
Household gods or idols like the ones that Rachel stole from Laban. They may not have been worshipped.
- Rachel took them not for worship, they don’t always represent an idol to be worshipped. Rachel took them as a deed that can be used again in the future.
- The teraphim could be used as documentation of some kind
71
Q
Causes for destruction of EB III civilizations
A
a
