Mid-Term Exam Flashcards
What are the 6 core values of social work?
Value 1: Respect for the Inherent Dignity and Worth of Persons
Value 2: Pursuit of Social Justice
Value 3: Service to Humanity
Value 4: Integrity of Professional Practice
Value 5: Confidentiality in Professional Practice
Value 6: Competence in Professional Practice
What is a dual relationship?
A dual relationship is when there is both a counselling relationship and another type of relationship, such as friendship or sexual intimacy.
What are 5 reasons clients don’t answer questions?
-Lack of understanding
-Unclear purpose
-Answers not known
-Privacy issues
-Unresolved relationship issues
What are the 6 questioning pitfalls?
-Leading
-Excessive
-Multiple
-Irrelevant
-Poorly timed
-Why questions
What are the 6 skills of active listening?
-Silence
-Asking Questions
-Paraphrasing
-Empathy
-Summarizing
-Attending
What are the pros/cons of Open Questions?
Pros:
-Do not restrict clients
-Gives clients control
Cons:
-May be time consuming
-More demand for clients to answer
What are the pros/cons of Closed Questions?
Pros:
-Specific information or facts
-To slow pace
-Easy to answer
Cons:
-May result in one-word “yes” or “no” answers when more detail is needed
-Can leave clients feeling interrogated
What are the pros/cons of Indirect Questions?
Pros:
-To get specific information or facts
-To slow the pace
-Easy to answer
Cons:
-May not elicit a response
-Harder to formulate if not practiced
What types of questions begin with….
Can….?
Will….?
Do…..?
Have…..?
Did…..?
Are….?
Closed questions
What types of questions begin with….
Who?
What?
When?
Where?
*Why?
How?
Open questions
Which type of open question should be avoided in a counselling setting?
Why questions
What types of questions begin with….
“I’m curious about….”
“I wonder if….”
Indirect questions
What are the three areas/domains that counselling questions target?
Affective domain (feeling)
Cognitive domain (thinking)
Behavioural domain (doing)
Which domain targets how a client feels?
Affective domain
Which domain targets how a client thinks?
Cognitive domain
Which domain targets what a client is doing?
Behavioural domain
What is the simplest way to probe for more information?
Use simple encouragers and directives.
What are Directives?
Short statements that provide direction to clients. They can control the pace and flow of an interview.
“yes, go on”
“Tell me more”
“uh huh”
What are simple encouragers?
Nonverbal gestures, such as head nods, sustained eye contact, and attended silence.
(Attending)
What are two good questions to start with when asking problem-solving questions?
“What have you tried?”
“What do you see as your first step?”
What are ways of dealing with listening obstacles?
-Be patient
-Focus on trust
-Control distractions and stay focused
-Stop assuming
-Manage your personal reactions
-Listening does not mean agreeing
-Self-awareness
-Remembering
What are some reasons silence occurs?
-Thinking time
-Confusion
-Experiencing painful feelings
-Trust issues
-Clients usual style
-Closure
What is attended silence?
Silence characterized by eye contact, physical and psychological focus on the client, and self-discipline to minimize internal and external distractions.
What is the acronym LIVE?
It is the acronym for the four essential steps of good summarizing. Listen, Identify, Verbalize, Evaluate
When should you allow silence to continue?
When the client is thinking
When the client needs time to deal with feelings
When should you interrupt silence?
Closure has been reached
The meaning of silence is unclear
Difficult feelings require an empathic response
When should you promote silence?
To encourage reflection
To take a break
Why should dual relationships be avoided?
Because of their potential harm to clients and risk of damage to the image of the profession.
What is absolute confidentiality?
It means the client disclosures are not shared with anyone.
What is relative confidentiality?
It means that information is shared within the agency with supervisors or colleagues, outside the agency with the client’s permission, or in courts of law owing to legal requirements, such as child abuse legislation.
Typically, what kind of confidentiality can clients be assured of?
Relative confidentiality
Who does confidentiality protect?
Both the client and the counsellor
True or False - Confidentiality is necessary and critical to building a trustworthy relationship.
True
What are the exceptions to patient confidentiality?
When there is risk of harm to themself, another person, a vulnerable person, harm to a child, court subpoena, and case conference/team approach.
What are the CCPA’s 6 ethical rules/principles for solving ethical dilemmas?
1)Autonomy (Honour clients self-determination and freedom of choice)
2)Beneficence (Pursue welfare and benefit of others)
3)Nonmaleficence (Do no harm)
4)Justice (Equal distribution and equitable effort)
5)Fidelity (Be loyal and honest)
6)Societal interest (Act in the best interest of society)
What are the 7 steps to resolving an ethical dilemma?
- Gather facts
- Identify ethical issues and potential violations
- Identify and evaluation options and strategies
- Evaluation potential gains and losses
- Consider cultural context
- Consult
- Take action
What is the ethical principle hierarchy from top to bottom?
1) protection of life
2) equality and inequality
3) autonomy and freedom
4) least harm
5) quality of life
6) privacy and confidentiality
7) truthfulness and full disclosure
What are the 7 categories of immigrants to Canada?
- Skilled workers
- Entrepreneurs/Investors
- Provincially nominated to fill labour shortages
- Live-in caregivers
- Family class (sponsored by relatives)
- Foreign children adopted by Canadians
- Refugees
What is the difference between an immigrant and a refugee?
An immigrant chooses to permanently settle in another country.
A refugee is someone fleeing their country and in need of protection. They are unable to return home. They have often seen/experienced violence and trauma.
What are 9 problems faced by immigrants to Canada?
Language
Unemployment
Poverty
Discrimination
Culture shock
Parent-child relationship issues
Gender role issues
Seniors (in a facility with no family or anyone who speaks their language)
Counselling (cultural stigma)
What are the barriers to culturally intelligent practice?
Counsellor lack of knowledge
Using a one size fits all approach
Failure to honour diversity
Less time and energy invested in minority groups
Failure of training programs to adequately address ethnical issues
Client distrust in the process
Define counselling
It is a time-limited relationship in which counsellors help clients increase their ability to deal with the demands of life.
An empowerment process of helping clients to learn skills, deal with feelings, increase insight, and manage problems.
What is the immediate goal of counselling?
To provide assistance so people seeking help can gain some control over their problems.
Counselling is constrained by these three variables:
- Needs and wants of the client
- The mandate of the counselling setting
- The expertise or competence of the counsellor
What is the goal of interviewing?
Primary goal: Information gathering
Acquire and organize relevant information through timely listening and responding skills.
What are the target focuses of counselling?
-Coping with feelings/support
-Problem solving
-Relationship problem solving
-Assist with decision making
-Promoting insight
-Crisis intervention
-Help to access resources
-Improve communication
What are the four core conditions?
Warmth
Empathy
Unconditional Positive Regard
Genuineness
What are the four essential elements of trauma-informed approach?
- Trauma awareness
- Emphasis on safety and trustworthiness
- Opportunities for choice, collaboration, and connection
- Strength-based skill building
What are the four phases of counselling?
- Preliminary (Preparing the setting/interview planning)
- Beginning (Establishing trust/Contracting and building the relationship)
- Action (Goal setting/Exploring and implementing alternatives)
- Ending (Ending the relationship/Evaluating the work/Planning the next step)
What are the variables that result in unsuccessful counselling?
Client variables (Motivation, Capacity, Opportunity)
Counsellor variables (Burnout/vicarious trauma, Trauma exposure response, Personal problems, loss of objectivity)
Process Variables (Pseudo counselling, Advice giving, rescuing, Faulty technique, lack of resources, unexpected events).
What is a defense mechanism?
A mental process or reaction that shields a person from undesirable or unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or conclusions that, if accepted, would create anxiety or challenges to one’s sense of self.
What are some examples of defense mechanisms?
Acting out, Denial, Displacement, Dissociation, Humour, Intellectualization, Passive Aggression, Projection, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Regression, Repression, Splitting, Sublimation, and Suppression
What are the three types of counselling contracts?
Relationship - How will we work together?
Work - What will we do? (Goals & Process)
Anticipatory - What if?
What is unconditional positive regard?
Unconditional positive regard accepts the client as a person of worth and dignity.
When negotiating a relationship contract, what sort of things should be discussed?
Communication style
Personal values, worldview, culture
Exploration of differences
Past experiences with counselling
When negotiating a work contract, what sort of things should be discussed?
Problems or concerns to be addressed
Goals and objectives of the intervention
Activities (actions) the client will undertake
Tasks to be performed by the worker
Expected duration
Schedule of time and place for interviews
Identification of other persons, agencies, or organizations expected to participate
What is immediacy?
It is a tool for exploring, evaluating, and deepening counselling relationships.
What is the goal for immediacy?
Strengthen the counselling relationship by evaluating the general working climate of the counsellor-client relationship.
____________ is a powerful tool for preventing communication breakdowns and building trust. By addressing relationship difficulties as they arise, problems that are more serious are prevented from developing because of the buildup of unresolved feelings.
Immediacy
When should immediacy NOT be introduced?
When the session is ending if there is insufficient time to resolve issues.
It may be wise to delay immediacy discussions if clients are unduly stressed with other issues.
Avoid initiative immediacy discussion too early in the relationship before a base of trust is developed.
What is transference?
The tendency of clients to communicate with their counsellors in the same way they communicated to significant people in the past.
What is countertransference?
The positive or negative wishes, fantasies, and feelings that a counsellor unconsciously directs or transfers to a client, stemming from their own unresolved conflicts.
When should the ending of a counselling relationship with discussed?
At the beginning.
Name the ethical principle…..
Honours clients self-determination and freedom of choice
Autonomy
Name the ethical principle….
Pursue welfare and benefit of others
Beneficence
Name the ethical principle…
Do no harm
Nonmaleficence
Name the ethical principle…
Equal distribution and equitable effort
Justice
Name the ethical principle…
Be loyal and honest
Fidelity
Name the ethical principle…
Act in the best interest of society
Societal interest
