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Theatre History II > Mid-Term Exam > Flashcards

Mid-Term Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What were naturalist plays termed?

A

” A slice of life” plays

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2
Q

What did the realists and naturalists believe?

A

The focus of art should be the betterment of human kind

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3
Q

What did naturalist plays focus on?

A

The poor

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4
Q

Contrast Andre Antoine and Georg II, Duke of Sax- Meiningen

A

1) Antoine was interested in new plays and produced Ibsen, Tolstoy, Hauptauin, and Strindberg. Sax-Meiningen was interested in reviving Shakespeare with realist endings
2) Antoine sidestepped censorship by creating a subscription theatre. Sax-Meiningen controlled his own duchy and therefore did not need to worry about censorship
3) Antoine made a theatre from scratch- Theatre Libre. Sax-Meiningen had his court theatre

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5
Q

What was the Theatre Libre able to accomplish?

A

Because it was a subscription theatre, it was able to introduce Parisians to French and foreign plays that would have been too scandalous for major production

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6
Q

What were Andre Antoine’s contributions to theatre?

A

1) Created a subscription theatre and introduced French and foreign plays which would have been deemed too scandalous to Parisians
2) Changed the style of acting by instructing actors to be the characters by speaking and moving naturally
3) Used real objects- props
4) Established the scenic fourth wall
5) Established a model for a censor-free theatre

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7
Q

What occurred as a result of the independent theatre movement?

A

It instilled realism as a mainstream within commercial theatre

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8
Q

What is an ensemble- late 19th century?

A

A group of actors without stars

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9
Q

Name two playwrights of psychological realism.

A

Ibsen and Chekhov

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10
Q

What did Ibsen’s plays focus on?

A

The plays centered around issues within society such as the role of women, ethics of euthanasia, the morality of business and war, and economics of religion. These were deemed shocking.

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11
Q

What was the focus on Chekhov’s plays?

A

The waning of the Russian aristocracy. The lines were melodic and evoked a feeling of music. There were measured pauses, which seemed life-like.

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12
Q

What was the “ Door Slam Heard Around the World”

A

Nora slamming walking out and slamming the door at the end of Ibsen’s A Doll’s House

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13
Q

What was the Delsarte Method?

A

An early method to apply scientific observation to acting

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14
Q

What is gesmantkunstwerk

A

Master artwork

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15
Q

What is neoclassicism?

A

It is a return to the classical plays and tenants from the Ancient Greeks.

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16
Q

Name the five tenants of Neoclassicism

A

1) Unites: Unity of time, place, and action
2) Purity of genre
3) Five Acts
4) Verisimilitude
5) Decorum

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17
Q

Define the unities within Neoclassicism

A

Unity of Time- The story must take place over a 24-hour time period

Unity of Place- There must only be one location

Unity of Action- No sub-plots

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18
Q

Define Decorum with Neoclassicism

A

No vulgarity, lewdness, no suicide on stage, and no violence. There must be civility depicted on stage.

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19
Q

What does “ Verisimilitude” mean?

A

“Truth Seeming” No magic, must be believable. Refers to the actors as well.Realistic. No soliloquies. Maids and friends serve as soundboards

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20
Q

Why did the French create these rules for theatre?

A

They observed that these were the tenants of the plays of Ancient Greece. A play should have 5 acts because that’s how Seneca did it.

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21
Q

Who was Jean Racine?

A

A neoclassical playwright. He wrote Phedra.

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22
Q

Explain Jean Racine’s writing.

A

1) Dodecasyllabic verse
2) Plays focused on tormented women. Intensely observed feelings
3) Set before an emotional crisis and struggle is internal

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23
Q

Who was Pierre Corneille

A

A French neoclassical playwright famous for Le Cid.

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24
Q

Why was Le Cid controversial?

A

It broke the unities of time, place, and action. It did not contain decorum or verisimilitude. It mixed comedy with tragedy. It DID have five acts.

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25
Q
  • When did the Neoclassical period take place (what years)?
A

1625-1750

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26
Q

Creates the impression of 3 dimensions in a flat work (such as a backdrop). Includes multiple vanishing points.

A

Multipoint perspective

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27
Q

The first professional female playwright

A

Aphra Behn

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28
Q

The behavior of a neoclassical character in keeping with their social status, age, sex, occupation, etc.

A

Decorum

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29
Q

The excessive expression of feelings of tenderness, sadness, or nostalgia

A

Sentimentalism

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30
Q

A comedy genre that satirizes “proper” behavior in a particular social group, especially the upper classes.

A

Comedy of Manners

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31
Q

Genre that had a complicated plot marked by wit, cynicism, and licentiousness. Characterized by a new explicitness about sexual behavior in the upper classes. Can be interchangle with Comedy of Manners- upper class, foibles, super risque

A

Restoration Comedy

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32
Q

To teach and to please

A

Neoclassical purpose of drama

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33
Q

(1660-1750) Restoration of the monarchy in England, marked the return of Charles II as king after the period of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth.

A

English Restoration

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34
Q

Genre where peoples virtues rather than their weaknesses were stressed. The audience experienced something “Too exquisite for laughter.”

A

Sentimental Comedy

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35
Q

Later melodrama for middle-class audiences with upper-middle class subjects and settings.

A

Gentlemanly melodrama

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36
Q

the practice of a resident company presenting a number of different productions, often alternating them

A

Repertory

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37
Q

“Music drama”

A

Melodrama

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38
Q

Shows that are produced to earn a profit for investors

A

Commercial theatre

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39
Q

A monopoly that controlled nearly all touring theatres in the US from 1896-1908.

A

Theatrical Syndicate

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40
Q

Characters who are drawn from cliché and stereotype, not real life.

A

Stock types

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41
Q

Minor characters are played by local actors for the season, and central roles are played by stars brought in for one production.

A

Star System

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42
Q

Payments made to playwrights that are a percentage of ticket sales

A

Royalties

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43
Q

A category of drama in which a meticulous and complicated plot takes precedence. Typified by the melodramas of Eugene Scribe.

A

Well-made play

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44
Q

The arousing of feelings out of proportion to their cause.

A

Sentimentality

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45
Q

A type of setting that is built on the stage to look like the interior of a house or room, having three walls and no ceiling.

A

Box set

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46
Q

What are the 5 ideas of Romanticism?

A

Rebellion, Art, Nature, Anti-industrialism, Uniqueness

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47
Q

What were the years of French Neoclassicism?

A

1625-1750

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48
Q

What are the years of the Restoration period?

A

1660- 1750

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49
Q

What were the years of Commercial Theatre?

A

1750- 1900

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50
Q

What were the years of Realism and Naturalism?

A

Late 1800s

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51
Q

When were the Age of Revolutions?

A

1750-1850s

52
Q

Who wrote The School for Scandal?

A

Richard Brinsley Sheridan

53
Q

Who wrote Tartuffe?

A

Moliere

54
Q

What is the definition of “ Romanticism”?

A

A return to nature and everything primitive and naive

55
Q

Why did France not have a Golden Age of theatre?

A

Due to involvement in ongoing wars

56
Q

What relationship did theatre have with King Louis XIV and Cardinal Richelieu?

A

Both viewed themselves as proponents of theatre. At the time, neoclassical theatre was heavily controlled by the Acadamie Francaise, which was controlled by the King and Cardinal.

57
Q

Explain stages and scenery during French Neoclassicism

A

Theatres were long and rectangular. The proscenium arch was introduced along with Italianate staging and the vanishing point. The chariot and pole system was used to change scenery.

58
Q

What were the two genres during French Neoclassicism?

A

Comedy and Tragedy

59
Q

How doe the Industrial Revolution influence theatre?

A

1) Theatre becomes commercialized
2) Middle class grew
3) Steam power enabled troupes to tour and gave rise to Showboats

60
Q

Define “Sturm und Drang

A

Storm and stress . Theatre in Germany which focused on love and loss, liberty, the fight against despotism, free will and wisdom

61
Q

What was the Comedie Francaise?

A

One of the national theatres- Subsidized through the government so that the poor could see theatre

62
Q

What was the Academy Francai?

A

The national theatre academy. It set the rules for theatre in Neoclassical France

63
Q

What is a Breeches Role?

A

Women playing young men and wearing breeches. For plot, Audiences liked seeing women’s legs, Women became famous for their shapes

64
Q

What is a Comedy of Manners?

A

Satire of the upper class. Written for all classes

1) Sexually explicit
2) Here are the rules, but you will if you can get around them without getting caught. More scandalous and focused on sexual promiscuity

65
Q

What is a Social Comedy?

A

These are the rules of society, and you get a happy ending if you follow them

66
Q

Traditional “Tragedy” in England

A

1) Tragic heroes/heroines- Kings, queens, nobles
2) Heighten language verse
3) Tragic circumstances- fate is inevitable
4) Man character has a tragic flaw that leads to his downfall

67
Q

Traditional Comedy

A

-Purpose is to amuse
-About normal people, dealing with normal, every-day matters
Private affairs of mundane life
-Language is prose
Ends happily= marriage

68
Q

Comedy of Intrigue

A

1) Comedy of situation
2) Complicated conspiracies and strategies drive play
3) Farcical humor, ridiculous situations
4) Characters reply on deception

69
Q

Heroic Tragedies

A
  1. Tragic heroes are flawless
  2. Tragic heroines are chaste
  3. Must be important about important grand matters
  4. Heightened language ( in verse)
  5. Epic poetry for the stage
  6. Love, honor, and courage
70
Q

Sentimental comedy

A

1) Stress virtues instead of foibles
2) Human are inherently good but can be led astray
3) “A pleasure too exquisite for laughter”

71
Q

Domestic Tragedy

A 
Middle class hero
Written in prose
Led astray
Punished
Taught morality by showing punishment of evil
No scenery or special effects
72
Q

Pantomimes:

A

Elaborate scenery and costumes
Short, funny, elaborate and spectacular
Often an afterpiece
Included transformation, elaborate magical scene and costume change

73
Q

Who are William and Lewis Hallam?

A

The founders of The American Colony

74
Q

When and Where was the The Walnut Street Theatre founded

A

1809, Phildephia

75
Q

What was an Actor-Manager?

A

Leading actor who managed the theatre and made big decisions

76
Q

What was a Director-Manager?

A

Came after the actor-manager. Now it is the director who is responsible for all financial and artistic aspects of the performance.

77
Q

What is a Producer?

A

Over the theatre company and handled the finances

78
Q

Explain the Star System

A

Famous leading actors would travel around the country ( and world) joining local companies to perform a single role

79
Q

What are Combination Companies?

A

An entire theatre production that would travel from city-to-city. Complete with actors, scenery, and props.

80
Q

What is a Showboat?

A

team-powered paddle wheel boats that brought entertainment to the river side of Mississippi in the 1800s.

81
Q

When theatre is run by business people…

A

Profits trumps art

82
Q

Define “ Sentimentality”

A

The arousing of feelings out of proportion to their cause

83
Q

Values of Sentimentality in the age of commercialism

A

family, fidelity, loyalty, work, and obedience to superiors

84
Q

Stock Characters of Melodrama

A

1) Hero
2) Heroine
3) Villain
4) The Comic Sidekick- gets the hero out of tough situations
5) The Henchman- the villain’s sidekicks
6) The Poor Parent- kind heart, but unable to help
7) The Teacher- helps the hero unlock their true potential

85
Q

American Stock Characters

A

1) The Stage Yankee- simple, straight talking character, rugged individual of modes means
2) The Fireboy- Hardworking blue collar urban man. Based on real life urban heroes.
3) Ethnic Types- Jumping Jim Crow

86
Q

Name several elements of Melodrama

A

1) Good always trumps evil
2) Simplified moral universe
3) Stock character
4) Costumes announced their character types
5) Episodic, repetitive structure of the story

87
Q

Element of Romantic melodrama?

A

Depended on spectacle

88
Q

Define “ Spectacle”

A

Fire, explosions, drownings, earthquakes,

89
Q

What are Equestrian and Canine melodramas?

A

Stories that involve horses and dogs

90
Q

How are demographics, technology, and plays related

A

Increase of population brought more people, story representation together
Technology allowed more people to come to the theatre and stay up late for the shows. Reflects worry of the day “ people being run over by trains”

91
Q

What is Realistic Melodrama?

A

1) Developed in the 1850s
2) a form of melodrams developed for realistic settings, in which the conflict between good and evil was less flamboyant than in full blown melodrama

92
Q

What is gentlemanly melodrama?

A

upper-middle-class subjects and settings, without as many violent spectacles as romantic melodramas

93
Q

What problems came to theatre as a result of theatre’s growing commercialism?

A

1) reinforced ethnic stereotypes
2) stifled creativity
3) Low quality

94
Q

What is a Minstrel Show?

A

Racist show. Allowed audience to laugh at ethnic stereotypes

Black actors had to use black face too

95
Q

When was the African Grove Theatre started?

A

1816

96
Q

Name the characters in a Minstrel Show

A

1) Interlocutor
2) Mr. Tambo
3) Mr. Bones

97
Q

What is an Interlocutor?

A

straight man/ lead. Gentleman whiteman
MC
Condescending
Humor comes from how uppity he is and contrast with Mrs Tambo and Bone

98
Q

What does Mr. Tambo play?

A

tambourine

99
Q

What did Mr Bones play?

A

Castinets

100
Q

Name the parts of a Minstrel Show

A

3- part format

1-Intro- Troupe fences on stage t a pop song.Jokes and songs
2- Olio- Variety show in front of the curtain. Ended with a “ stump speech”
3- Afterpiece- A skit ( ofen set on a plantation) with racial stock character and slapstick humor

101
Q

Who becomes a Christ-like figure at the center of Romanticism?

A

Thomas Chatteron

102
Q

What are the tenants of Romanticism?

A

Value innocence and the creativity of children
Romantic hero =Christ like
Love-> dramatic outpouring of feeling. Always right and noble to follow your heart
Godlike grandeur of nature
Nature> industry
Feelings> science and logic
“Cult of the middle ages”
The flaneur- playful, impractical, unemployed >wave slaves
Civilization is what has made us sick

103
Q

What were the effects of Romanticism on theatre?

A

1) Protagonists are portrayed as rebels
2) Promoted individuality and importance of imagination
3) Closest seating became the most expensive , with upper galleries the cheapest
4) The idea of the master artist

104
Q

Name two “strum and drang” plays

A

1) Faust- Goethe

2) William Tell- Fredrich von Schiller

105
Q

What are the two innovations of Wagner?

A

Production unity, created a unifying artist- paves the way the modern director
Separate, classless audience space in the theater

106
Q

Describe the Continental Seating.

A

Several nested proscenium arches- makes more of a picture frame
Hidden orchestra pit- unearth the apron
No center aisle- no differentiation between class
No elevated boxes
No gallery
Audience is raked- everyone has an equality good view
Stage was lit. Audience was dark during the show
You are all equal and you are here to watch the show
The master artist gave and the audience received - worshiping the artist

107
Q

1)What shifts in culture led neoclassical to crumble and Romanticism to emerge?

A

The age of revolutions- emphasis on freedom
The rise of the common man and individualism
Disenchantment with religion

108
Q

2) How was Romanticism not always consistent in itself?

A

We will kill ourselves for love
Theatre is high tech, but we should worship nature
We are all equal, but the artist is above all
Privileged mindset to withdraw from society to be in nature

109
Q

How did Romanticism express itself in Germany, England, and France?

A 
Natural language, focused on love and loss
Heroes are average people
Liberty and fight against absolute power
Not limited by unities
Sturm und dung
Production unity
Classless audience
110
Q

What are the tenants of Realism and Naturalism

A

Principle of the fourth wall
Actors will act like you are not there. They will act and play to one another and not the audience
Psychologically driven- focuses on how characters are feeling and how they deal with the situation- verisimilitude
Realism in not perfectly realistic-> Only heightened moments of the day are portrayed
No longer have happy ending, but realistic
Relatable to what people were going through at the time

111
Q

Tartuffe

A

Neoclassical French Social Comedy

112
Q

School for Scandal

A

Comedy of Manners

113
Q

The London Merchant

A

Bourgeois Tragedy

114
Q

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A

Melodrama

115
Q

Under the Gaslight

A

Melodrama

116
Q

The Importance of Being Earnest

A

Gentlemanly melodrama

117
Q

Hernani

A

Romantacism

118
Q

A Doll’s House

A

Realism

119
Q

The Cherry Orchard-

A

Russian Realism

120
Q

What factors from Freud influence theatre during realism?

A

heredity and environment

121
Q

woman with baby and money

A

gentlemanly melodrama

122
Q

Who wrote Under the Gaslight?

A

Augustin Daly.

123
Q

Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

A

Harriet Beecher Stowe adapted by George L. Aiken

124
Q

Who wrote Hermani?

A

Victor Hugo

125
Q

Who wrote The London Merchant?

A

George Lillo

Theatre History II (3 decks)

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