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POLI 1060 > Mid-Term Exam > Flashcards

Mid-Term Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Authoritarianism

A
  • government holds complete political control

- no free and fair elections

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2
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

-elite group in political pluralism that exercises power over the working class

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3
Q

Social Democracy

A

government system with a competitive economy but also extensive welfare programs.

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4
Q

Developmental State

A

State the favours the development of the economy, and partners with private enterprises to ensure it is protected. It favours social and economic equality.

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5
Q

Elitism

A

Political theory that suggests that society is led by a single, self conscious elite.

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6
Q

Iron law of Oligarchy

A

All complex organizations will eventually come under the direction of a dominant group.

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7
Q

Globalization

A

The increased interconnectivity of the state in the international community. Contributes to the idea that the stat is being “hollowed-out.”

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8
Q

Human Nature

A

The inert characteristics of humans in society that influence political analysis and decision-making.

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9
Q

Illiberal Democracy

A

Democracy in which there are elections held but with very little transfer of power, likely do to the government’s control over communications. Ex. Russia

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10
Q

Interest Groups

A

Groups that advocate for a given political interest. Considered to be a factor in pluralist theory.

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11
Q

Liberal Democracy

A

Democracy in which free and fair elections are held and the power lies with the people.

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12
Q

Night-Watchmen State

A

State in which very little government influence is favoured over the economy and individual rights. Government is favoured over internal protection and civil liberties.

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13
Q

Pluralism

A

Dahl’s Political theory in which there are multiple dominant groups vying for power. There is never one main dominant group, as each group checks the power of the other.

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14
Q

Proletariat

A

The working class

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15
Q

Totalitarianism

A

State of governance in which the government has complete political and social control. Society is severely repressed.

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16
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Mill’s theory in which the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people is favoured.

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17
Q

Welfare state

A

State in which extensive welfare programs are instituted.

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18
Q

Corporatism

A

Calls for coordination between the state, industry, and trade to achieve economic interests.

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19
Q

Neo-corporatism

A

Calls for the incorporation of economic interests into the decision-making process, with special attention paid to political elites.

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20
Q

Authority

A

Means for a person to enforce their rule. Based on the ruled consenting to be ruled because of a believed merit of the ruler.

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21
Q

Power

A

Means for a person to enforce their rule with the use of coercion.

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22
Q

Legal-Rational Authority

A

Authority based on the idea that the ruler followed a given set of rules that legitimized their rule (ie. an election, legitimized by a religious text, etc.)

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23
Q

Traditional Authority

A

Authority based on the idea that the ruler represents the way things have always been done (ie. the monarchy)

24
Q

Charismatic Authority

A

Authority based on the individual merit of the ruler as they are believed to be special, or godly. (Hitler, Jesus)

25
Q

Constituency

A

Group of people that vote a representative into power.

26
Q

Deliberative Democracy

A

Democracy in which it is believed that the ruled should have direct influence over political decisions, but wide participation is not encouraged (ie. citizen councils, etc.)

27
Q

Direct Democracy

A

Democracy in which it the ruled vote directly on policy decisions without the election of a representative (ie. referendums, plebiscites).

28
Q

Representative Democracy

A

Democracy in which the constituency votes for representatives to advocate for them/rule them (ie. Canada and the 338 seats in parliament).

29
Q

Democracy

A

Regime in which elections are held and the power somewhat lies in the hands of the people.

30
Q

Democratic Elitism

A

The reconciliation of democracy and elitism. Based on the idea that people are okay with allowing elites to make the decisions for them. Only political elites vie for power, constituency ONLY votes for elites.

31
Q

Referendum

A

A potential legislation is proposed to society and put to a vote. If society accepts, the legislation is immediately put into effect.

32
Q

Plebiscite

A

A potential legislation is proposed but not necessarily put into effect in the case of election.

33
Q

First Face of Power

A

Luke’s Theory

-A exerts power over B in a manner that makes B act in a way that they wouldn’t normally act

34
Q

Second Face of Power

A

Luke’s Theory

A exerts power over B by controlling the narrative in which issues are brought to light.

35
Q

Third Face of Power

A

Luke’s A exerts power over B by manipulating their very wants, and by keeping the opposition from understanding where their true wants lie.

36
Q

Freedom

A

Ability of individuals to live in a fair and just society where their individual wants and needs are respected and where they can pursue a future that they design.

37
Q

Justice

A

To give others what they are due and entitled to.

38
Q

Positive liberty

A

“Freedom to”
Introduced by Isiah Berlin
Ex. Free to go to school, free to quit my job, free to buy a coffee.

39
Q

Negative liberty

A

“Freedom From”
Introduced by Isiah Berlin
Ex. Freedom from being robbed, freedom from being forced to not complete school, etc.

40
Q

The Harm Principal

A

Mill’s Principle that states that individuals should be able to do as the wish to the point where the intention is to hurt someone else.

41
Q

Ideology

A

A belief that guides the way we think society should run, what should be valued, maintained, protected. It is less rigorous than a political theory.

42
Q

Conservatism

A

Political Ideology that values slow, gradual change and the maintenance of tradition. Values law, order, security, and patriotism.

43
Q

New Liberalism

A

Values the rights of individuality, and state intervention because of its capacity to maximize personal liberty.

44
Q

Classic Liberalism

A

Adam Smith’s ideology that rewards those that work the hardest.

45
Q

Hegemony

A

A form of domination that appears just to those in the system.

46
Q

Procedural Justice

A

The fairness of the process in which an outcome is decided. Ex. Fair Trial

47
Q

Social Justice

A

The fairness of an outcome: political, judicial, etc. Ex. The deliberation of a jury

48
Q

Merit-based justice

A

The fairness of treating people differently based on merit

49
Q

John Rawl’s Theory of Justice

A

A hypothetically situation devised to determine the ideal principles of justice.

1) If people were to meet to decide on their system, they would be under a veil of ignorance and not know their place in society. They would be self-interested
2) They would want: equal opportunity for all, and in the case of inequalities they should be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged as well as offices to all (equal opportunity)

50
Q

Constraints on freedom

A
  • Physical incapacity
  • Physical coercion
  • Rationality (mental state)
  • Psychology (biases)
  • Economic impediments
51
Q

Lively’s 7 Democracies

A
  1. All should govern (all select legislation)
  2. All should make decisions (laws, policy)
  3. Rulers accountable to the ruled
  4. Rulers should be accountable to representatives of the ruled
  5. Rulers should be chosen by the ruled
  6. rulers should be chosen by representatives of the ruled
  7. Rulers should act in interest of the ruled.
52
Q

Recalls

A

When a elected representative is taken out of power before an election.

53
Q

Initiatives

A

Voters who gather enough approving signatures from fellow voters are able to place a measure before the electorate in a referendum.

54
Q

Marxism

A
  • Power dynamic created because of the competition between class
  • bourgeoisie dominated the proletariat
55
Q

The New Right

A
  • The state extends beyond what is healthy
  • Opposed to “Big government”
  • Too may people involved causes political paralysis
56
Q

New Liberalism

A

Emphasizes the positive role of the state in correcting the inequities of the market and increasing liberty by expanding opportunities.

57
Q

Classical Liberalism

A

Emphasizes the limited role of the state to ensuring property rights. Argues that the market is the most effective way to meet human need, and a limited state maximizes individual freedom and rewards those who work the hardest.
Emphasizes negative liberty: freedom from constraints.

POLI 1060 (3 decks)

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