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Introduction to Psychology > Mid-Term Chapters 1, 7, & 8 > Flashcards

Mid-Term Chapters 1, 7, & 8 Flashcards

These are just the key terms. Need to read the book and look over notes.

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1
Q

A sample that is not truly representative of the the population from which it was drawn

A

Biased Sample

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2
Q

A descriptive research method in which the researcher gathers detailed, qualitative information from a single individual

A

Case Study

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3
Q

Those participants in an experiment who do not receive the level of the independent variable that is of primary interest to the searchers, but are used instead for comparison purposes

A

Control group

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4
Q

In an experiment, any variable that exerts a measurable effect on the dependent variable without the knowledge of the experimenter. One whose values change systematically along with changes in the values of the independent variable.

A

Confounding Variable

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5
Q

A method of study in which the researcher measures two or more variables as they already exist to see if there is an association between them

A

Correlational Research

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6
Q

The variable being measured in an experiment to determine if the manipulation of the independent variable has had any effect

A

Dependent Variable

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7
Q

When the purpose of a study, its procedures, and its potential value, are explained to a participant after his or her participation is complete.

A

Debriefing

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8
Q

In an experiment, when both those running the experiment and the research participants are unaware of which level of the independent variable each participant is receiving and/or are unaware of the nature of the researchers’ hypothesis

A

Double-blind

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9
Q

The idea that knowledge should be obtained through personal experience

A

Empirical

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10
Q

A set of orderly rules for correct behavior, particularly within some specific discipline or workplace

A

Ethics

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11
Q

Those participants in an experiment who receive the level of the independent variable whose effects on a dependent variable are of primary interest to the researchers

A

Experimental Group

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12
Q

The degree to which research results may generalize to the world outside the laboratory

A

External Validity

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13
Q

A specific, testable predictions about what will happen given certain circumstances

A

Hypothesis

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14
Q

The variable being manipulated in an experiment to determine possible effects on a dependent variable. “Free” to take on any values the investigator decides to give it

A

Independent Variable

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15
Q

When those participating in a research study have a thorough understanding of the study’s potential risks and benefits. Cornerstone of the ethical conduct of research involving human beings

A

Informed Consent

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16
Q

The values assigned by the experimenter to the independent variable

A

Levels of the independent variable

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17
Q

A descriptive research method used to systematically observe “real life” behavior in a naturalistic setting

A

Naturalistic Observation

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18
Q

A precise definition of a variable in terms that can be utilized for a research study

A

Operational Definition

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19
Q

When each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions of the experiment

A

Random Assignment (to Conditions)

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20
Q

When a research study is repeated by other researchers working independently. May be exact, following the procedures of the original study to the letter, or they may be conceptual-repeating the essence of the study but using somewhat different procedures, variables, or operational definitions

A

Replication

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21
Q

Individual items that are grouped together in memory because they are meaningfully associated with one another (but only weakly related or unrelated to items in others)

A

Chunks

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22
Q

When retrieval of a memory is enhanced in contexts that were similar to the one that existed when the memory was encoded

A

Context-Dependent Memory

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23
Q

Mentally encoding information into long-term memory in a way that is personally meaningful and associates the new information that already exists in long-term memory

A

Elaborative Rehearsal

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24
Q

The memory process of “translating” sensory impressions into meaningful perceptions that may then be stored as memory

A

Encoding

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25
Q

Memories acquired through personal experience. One subtype of explicit (declarative) memory

A

Episodic Memory

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26
Q

Conscious memories for personal experiences (episodic memory) or facts about the world (semantic memory)

A

explicit memory

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27
Q

Memory of an event that did not actually occur. In some cases, blatantly inaccurate recollection of details of an event that did occur

A

False Memory

28
Q

A memory that affects how we behave without our conscious awareness of the memory itself

A

Implicit Memory

29
Q

The deepest level of encoding of information-a theoretically limited memory stored that contains memories for facts, autobiographical events, and learned skills.

A

Long-term memory

30
Q

Actively repeating or thinking about information so that it remains in short-term memory

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

31
Q

From the cognition perspective, it involves the encoding, storage, and and retrieval of information. Learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons

A

Memory

32
Q

The amount of information that an be held in a memory stored at on time.

A

Memory Span

33
Q

Implicit memory for skills involving motor coordination.

A

Procedural Memory

34
Q

Recognizing or recalling something from the long-term memory

A

Retrieval

35
Q

Any hint or association that helps one retrieve a long-term memory

A

Retrieval Cue

36
Q

Memory for facts one has learned, as opposed to personal experiences.

A

Semantic memory

37
Q

Memory encoded according to the meaning of the stimulus

A

Semantic Encoding

38
Q

The memory stage that briefly stores large amounts of fleeting sensory impressions.
Composed of iconic (visual) store and echoic (auditory) store

A

Sensory Memory

39
Q

Memory stored used for attending to information in the short term. Limited in the length of time the memory can remain active- no longer than about 20 seconds. Limits the amount of information that can be stored.

A

Short-term memory

40
Q

When retrieval of memory is enhanced by internal states such as mood or drug effects that we’re present when the memory was encoded

A

State-dependent memory

41
Q

“What happens” in short-term memory when information is manipulated or processed “online”

A

Working Memory

42
Q

When the research participants are unaware of which level of the independent variable they have received and/or are unaware of the nature of the researcher’s hypothesis

A

Blind Control

43
Q
  1. Random assignment to conditions
  2. Use of control conditions
  3. Control over confounding variables
A

Conditions of Independent Variable

44
Q

Encode, storage, and retrieval

A

Levels of Processing Memory

45
Q

Changes in an organism’s knowledge or behavior that result from the association of two or more events or stimuli, or of a stimulus and a response.

A

Associative Learning

46
Q

A type of associative learning discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Occurs when an innate response known as the unconditioned response is triggered by a neutral stimulus as a result of repeated parings of the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus. The UCS is a stimulus that would naturally trigger the reflexive response without a conditioning procedure

A

Classical Conditioning

47
Q

In classical conditioning, the innate unconditioned response after it has come to be elicited by the a neutral stimulus

A

Conditioned Response

48
Q

In classical conditioning, originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the innate, UCR after conditioning

A

Conditioned Stimulus

49
Q

When one neutral stimulus produces a conditioned response, but another similar neutral stimulus does not

A

Discrimination

50
Q

When a learned behavior ceases to be performed. when the CS occurs repeated without being paired with the UCS

A

Extinction

51
Q

When an animal displays a CR to a neutral stimulus that is similar, but not identical, to the CS

A

Generalization

52
Q

Simple type of nonassociative learning that occurs when a stimulus comes to elicit decreasing response from an organism as a result of the organism’s repeated exposure to the stimulus over time

A

Habituation

53
Q

A fundamental way that organisms change. Involves relatively enduring change in knowledge and/or behavior resulting from specific experiences

A

Learning

54
Q

When the consequence of a behavior is the removal of something reinforcing, generally something rewarding

A

Negative Punishment

55
Q

When a behavior is reinforce through the removal of something that decreases the likelihood of the behavior. Something aversive or unpleasant that is removed in negative reinforcement

A

Negative Reinforcement

56
Q

Any behavior of an organism that produces a consequence that is either reinforcing or punishing.

A

Operant Behavior

57
Q

The apparatus B. F. Skinner designed to study operant learning in rats. Includes a container of food pellets in a container mounted to the outside of the cage, designed so that the pellets will be delivered to the rat when the rat presses down on a lever near its food tray. The cage is placed within a sound-proof, temperature controlled, ventilated chamber.

A

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

58
Q

A form of conditioning in which the consequences of a behavior affect the probability that the behavior will be repeated in the future.

A

Operant learning

59
Q

When a behavior is reinforced periodically rather than continuously.

A

Partial Reinforcement

60
Q

When a behavior is reinforced through the addition or presentation of something that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

A

Positive Reinforcement

61
Q

When the consequence of a behavior decreases the likelihood that it will continue or be repeated in the future

A

Punishment

62
Q

when the consequence of a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue or be repeated in the future

A

Reinforcement

63
Q

A simple type of nonassociative learning that occurs when a stimulus comes to elicit increased response from an organism as a result of the organism’s repeated exposure to the stimulus over time.

A

Sensitization

64
Q

When an extinguished behavior reemerges (but in a somewhat weaker from) after the organism has rested from exposure to the classically conditioned stimulus.

A

Spontaneous Recovery

65
Q

The innate or otherwise reflexive response triggered without conditioning by an unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned Response

66
Q

The stimulus that naturally triggers the innate response (UCR)

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

Introduction to Psychology (1 decks)

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