Mid-term Flashcards
1
Q
Goal of Psychoanalysis
A
Bring the unconscious into the conscious to reduce repression
2
Q
Instinct Theory
A
Humans have instinctive urges that must be suppressed or the individual will be come dysfunctional
3
Q
Id, Ego, Superego
A
- Id - the unconscious
- Ego: realistic part that mediates the ego and superego to preserve the person
- Superego: moral conscience, ego-ideal
4
Q
Repression
A
- Push unacceptable psychic material to the unconscious
- Done unconsciously, can become stuck (fixated)
5
Q
Defense Mechanism
A
- Triggered, anxiety signals that unconscious material threatens to break through to conscious
6
Q
Displacement
A
- unwelcome impulse is transferred onto another person (safer than intented target)
7
Q
Identification
A
- Qualities of another are taken into the person’s personality
8
Q
Projection
A
- Attribute unconscious qualities or impulses on another person
- the ego repudiates the unacceptable part of the personality and projects it outside and onto another (also can be seen in blame shifting)
9
Q
Reaction Formation
A
- unacceptable urge is transformed into its opposite (e.g. rage to love)
- often a disguise for the opposite
- common for compulsive people and BPD
10
Q
Sublimation
A
- Healthy reaction: funnel unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity (turn rage to sport instead)
11
Q
Regression
A
- retreat to an earlier stage of development
- often retreat to a fixated state
- common when overwhelmed, stressed
12
Q
Theory of the Person Stages
A
- Oral - birth to first year
- Anal: 1-4
- Phallic: 4-6 (key stage for resolving Oedipal Complex)
- Genital Stage - adolescence
- Latency - period of sexual repression
13
Q
Dysfuntional re Freud
A
Anyone who has unresolved unconscious conflicts (particularly Oedipal)
14
Q
3 types of Anxiety (Freud)
A
- Realistic: reaction to real danger
- Neurotic: fear of libido
- Moral: fear of punitive superego
15
Q
Conversion Disorder
A
- formerly called “hysteria”
- physiological symptoms that have no physical basis
- anxiety has converted to symptoms
16
Q
Transference
A
- client re-creates a pivotal former relationship with the analyst
- brings out both positive and negative emotions towards therapist
17
Q
Countertransference
A
- conflicts from therapist’s past are projected onto the analytic situation
- therapist loses their objectivity
18
Q
Freud’s Phases of Therapy
A
- Opening: FTF first, see if analysis appropriate
- Transference Dev.: analyst interprets
- Working Through: new memories surface, client more confident wrt thoughts, behavior, past
- Resolution of Transference: sufficient insight
19
Q
Introjection
A
- occurs when a person internalizes the ideas or voices of other people-often external authorities
- done unconsciously
20
Q
Splitting
A
- separate dangerous feelings, objects and impulses from pleasant ones to manage them
- can be “all or nothing” thinking
- see things as all good or all bad
21
Q
Jung’s Archetypes
A
- Psyche/Personna: conscious aspects of personality; appropriate ego
- Personal Shadow: lives in unconscious; negative aspects of person
- Collective Unconscious: knowledge, beliefs and experiences shared by all
- Animus/Anima: Animus (masculine), anima (feminine)
22
Q
Jung’s 3 “Balances”
A
- Introversion/Extroversion
- Thinking/Feeling
- Sensation/Intuition
23
Q
Disintegration Anxiety (define)
A
- Fear of psychological death
- Threat of fragmentation
24
Q
Optimal Frustration
A
- disruption in empathy
- normal, need this to develop normally and avoid over polarized personality
25
Q
3 Key needs Person Centred Therapy
A
- Empathy (the counsellor trying to understand the client’s point of view)
- Congruence (the counsellor being a genuine person)
- Unconditional positive regard (the counsellor being non-judgemental)
26
Q
External Locus of Evaluation
A
- values are not self-generated, come from outside (external conditions of worth)
27
Q
Internal Locus of Evaluation
A
- experiences are valued on the basis of the needs of the organism
- Orient towards experiences that “actualize”
- Usually this person has good positive self-concept and unconditional self-regard
28
Q
Goal of PC Therapy
A
- diminished or eliminated conditions of worth and incongruence between self and experience
- decisions based on natural organismic valuing process and actualization
- lose the “conditional self”
29
Q
Congruence
A
- Genuineness, realness, transparence
30
Q
Unconditional Positive Regard
A
- approach client with complete acceptance and caring (prizing)
31
Q
Empathy
A
- Counselor (e.g.) perceives the internal experience of another as if he were that person (but only temporary)
32
Q
4 Concerns Existentialism
A
- Death
- Freedom
- Meaning
- Isolation
33
Q
Basic Philosophy of ET
A
- Humans are free, responsible for their own lives and everyone has the potential for self-actualization
34
Q
4 Modes of Being
A
- physical world
- inner psychological world, subjective experience
- in relation to others
- spiritual world
35
Q
Role of Counselor in ET
A
- Fellow traveller
- Give responsibility back to client
36
Q
Anxiety’s role in ET
A
- powerful anxiety- knowledge of own mortality (existential anxiety)
- motivator to live life with purpose (Yalom)
- creates defenses
- specialness- if special, death won’t apply to us
- ultimate rescuer- they will save us from nonexistence
37
Q
Existential Guilt
A
- Guilt related to possibilities unfulfilled
- unavoidable
38
Q
Happiness according to ET
A
- NOT a pursuit
- comes from finding meaning in situations
39
Q
Dysfunction according to ET
A
- result of living an unexamined life (not thinking about meaning and value)
- Functional people always search for “authentic self”
40
Q
ET present or past?
A
The immediate, subjective experience of the client and therapist (not the past)
41
Q
Bracketing
A
- holding previous knowledge in awareness and putting it aside
42
Q
Dereflection
A
- Redirect attention or deflect away from the self and out to the world
- Goal is to redirect clients’ attention to discover meaning in situations in the present moment, rather than becoming trapped in obsessive worry.
43
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
- pair an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) - which produced salivation (unconditioned response) with something (bell) to result in a conditioned response
- the unconditioned becomes conditioned
44
Q
Little Albert Experiment
A
- human emotions are learned and can be generalized
- can condition a generalized fear
45
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
- positive and negative reinforcement to increase a behavior
- punishment to decrease a behavior
46
Q
Observational Learning
A
- Bandura: humans can learn BOTH dysfunctional and functional learning
- vicarious conditioning (e.g.)
47
Q
Is BT focused on Ego, Id or Superego?
A
- Id focused
48
Q
Goal of BT
A
- Reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
- teach in increase adaptive responses
49
Q
Ex. of BT Questions
A
- Is there a trigger for the behavior?
- How long does it last?
- How often does it occur?
- On scale of 1-10 how intense is it?
- Describe the behavior
- When is the behavior (or with whom) least likely to occur?
50
Q
List of Some BT techniques
A
- Exposure therapy
- Systematic desensitization
- Reinforcement
- Extinction
- Stimulus control
- Modelling
- Role Play
51
Q
Criticism of BT
A
- cold, mechanical
- ignores feelings and thoughts, past, interpersonal relationships
- superficial
- solution focused
- missed opportunities to go deeper
52
Q
Positive Quality of BT
A
- Scientific basis
- empirical evidence that it works
53
Q
Diversity and BT
A
- cold so may be good for some people who are less emotional
- sturctured, directive - good for those who value hierarchy
- can be seen as ignoring oppressed groups - who decides what is adaptive? can therapist take control without considering social/cultural forces?
- some behaviors are culturally appropriate so should not look to change those
54
Q
Philosophy of Cognitive Therapy
A
- events/experiences trigger thoughts, which trigger reactions (emotional, behavioral or physiological)
55
Q
Schemas
A
- organize information and attach meaning to it (innate process)
- use these to make sense of environment
56
Q
4 Basic Human Motivators
A
- Preservation
- Reproduction
- Dominance
- Sociability
57
Q
3 types of Cognition
A
- Automatic: survival/primal based
- Conscious: thinking
- Metacognitive: think about our thought processes
58
Q
3 General Themes Negative Core Beliefs
A
- Helplessness
- Unlovable
- Worthlessness
59
Q
Automatic Thoughts
A
- Fleeting thoughts that come out of nowhere but are based in core beliefs - can be images
60
Q
Core and Intermediate Beliefs
A
- Core: what I believe is true about myself regardless of what others think
- Intermediate: conditional and include coping
61
Q
Cognitive Triad
A
- Negative views of self, world and the future
62
Q
Examples of Cognitive Distortions
A
- All or nothing thinking
- Overgeneralization
- Mental Filter - dwell on negative, ignore +
- Jump to conclusions (mind reading, fortune telling)
- Magnification/Minimization
- Labeling
- Personalization and Blame
- Should and Must statements
63
Q
Goal of CT
A
- Idnetify faulty schemas and information and change it, try to eliminate AT’s
- Modify beliefs
- Teach problem-solving strategies
64
Q
CT Techniques
A
- cognitive restructuring
- Thought Records
- Questioning - “what was going through your mind just now?”
- Downward arrow (identify beliefs to get to core beliefs)
- Social skills training
- Problem solving
- Cognitive disputation - question thoughts and beliefs to (e.g.) reduce anxiety
65
Q
Critique of CT
A
- too simple
- may clash with collectivist culture cuz based on “everyone responsible for own fate”
66
Q
Why is CT good?
A
- empirical support for effectiveness
- treatment manuals
- clients taught to help themselves
