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Theories of Individual Counselling > Mid-term > Flashcards

Mid-term Flashcards

1
Q

Goal of Psychoanalysis

A

Bring the unconscious into the conscious to reduce repression

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2
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Humans have instinctive urges that must be suppressed or the individual will be come dysfunctional

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3
Q

Id, Ego, Superego

A
  • Id - the unconscious
  • Ego: realistic part that mediates the ego and superego to preserve the person
  • Superego: moral conscience, ego-ideal
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4
Q

Repression

A
  • Push unacceptable psychic material to the unconscious
  • Done unconsciously, can become stuck (fixated)
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5
Q

Defense Mechanism

A
  • Triggered, anxiety signals that unconscious material threatens to break through to conscious
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6
Q

Displacement

A
  • unwelcome impulse is transferred onto another person (safer than intented target)
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7
Q

Identification

A
  • Qualities of another are taken into the person’s personality
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8
Q

Projection

A
  • Attribute unconscious qualities or impulses on another person
  • the ego repudiates the unacceptable part of the personality and projects it outside and onto another (also can be seen in blame shifting)
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9
Q

Reaction Formation

A
  • unacceptable urge is transformed into its opposite (e.g. rage to love)
  • often a disguise for the opposite
  • common for compulsive people and BPD
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10
Q

Sublimation

A
  • Healthy reaction: funnel unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable activity (turn rage to sport instead)
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11
Q

Regression

A
  • retreat to an earlier stage of development
  • often retreat to a fixated state
  • common when overwhelmed, stressed
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12
Q

Theory of the Person Stages

A
  1. Oral - birth to first year
  2. Anal: 1-4
  3. Phallic: 4-6 (key stage for resolving Oedipal Complex)
  4. Genital Stage - adolescence
  5. Latency - period of sexual repression
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13
Q

Dysfuntional re Freud

A

Anyone who has unresolved unconscious conflicts (particularly Oedipal)

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14
Q

3 types of Anxiety (Freud)

A
  1. Realistic: reaction to real danger
  2. Neurotic: fear of libido
  3. Moral: fear of punitive superego
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15
Q

Conversion Disorder

A
  • formerly called “hysteria”
  • physiological symptoms that have no physical basis
  • anxiety has converted to symptoms
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16
Q

Transference

A
  • client re-creates a pivotal former relationship with the analyst
  • brings out both positive and negative emotions towards therapist
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17
Q

Countertransference

A
  • conflicts from therapist’s past are projected onto the analytic situation
  • therapist loses their objectivity
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18
Q

Freud’s Phases of Therapy

A
  1. Opening: FTF first, see if analysis appropriate
  2. Transference Dev.: analyst interprets
  3. Working Through: new memories surface, client more confident wrt thoughts, behavior, past
  4. Resolution of Transference: sufficient insight
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19
Q

Introjection

A
  • occurs when a person internalizes the ideas or voices of other people-often external authorities
  • done unconsciously
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20
Q

Splitting

A
  • separate dangerous feelings, objects and impulses from pleasant ones to manage them
  • can be “all or nothing” thinking
  • see things as all good or all bad
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21
Q

Jung’s Archetypes

A
  1. Psyche/Personna: conscious aspects of personality; appropriate ego
  2. Personal Shadow: lives in unconscious; negative aspects of person
  3. Collective Unconscious: knowledge, beliefs and experiences shared by all
  4. Animus/Anima: Animus (masculine), anima (feminine)
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22
Q

Jung’s 3 “Balances”

A
  1. Introversion/Extroversion
  2. Thinking/Feeling
  3. Sensation/Intuition
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23
Q

Disintegration Anxiety (define)

A
  • Fear of psychological death
  • Threat of fragmentation
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24
Q

Optimal Frustration

A
  • disruption in empathy
  • normal, need this to develop normally and avoid over polarized personality
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25
Q

3 Key needs Person Centred Therapy

A
  • Empathy (the counsellor trying to understand the client’s point of view)
  • Congruence (the counsellor being a genuine person)
  • Unconditional positive regard (the counsellor being non-judgemental)
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26
Q

External Locus of Evaluation

A
  • values are not self-generated, come from outside (external conditions of worth)
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27
Q

Internal Locus of Evaluation

A
  • experiences are valued on the basis of the needs of the organism
  • Orient towards experiences that “actualize”
  • Usually this person has good positive self-concept and unconditional self-regard
28
Q

Goal of PC Therapy

A
  • diminished or eliminated conditions of worth and incongruence between self and experience
  • decisions based on natural organismic valuing process and actualization
  • lose the “conditional self”
29
Q

Congruence

A
  • Genuineness, realness, transparence
30
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A
  • approach client with complete acceptance and caring (prizing)
31
Q

Empathy

A
  • Counselor (e.g.) perceives the internal experience of another as if he were that person (but only temporary)
32
Q

4 Concerns Existentialism

A
  1. Death
  2. Freedom
  3. Meaning
  4. Isolation
33
Q

Basic Philosophy of ET

A
  • Humans are free, responsible for their own lives and everyone has the potential for self-actualization
34
Q

4 Modes of Being

A
  1. physical world
  2. inner psychological world, subjective experience
  3. in relation to others
  4. spiritual world
35
Q

Role of Counselor in ET

A
  • Fellow traveller
  • Give responsibility back to client
36
Q

Anxiety’s role in ET

A
  • powerful anxiety- knowledge of own mortality (existential anxiety)
  • motivator to live life with purpose (Yalom)
  • creates defenses
    • specialness- if special, death won’t apply to us
    • ultimate rescuer- they will save us from nonexistence
37
Q

Existential Guilt

A
  • Guilt related to possibilities unfulfilled
  • unavoidable
38
Q

Happiness according to ET

A
  • NOT a pursuit
  • comes from finding meaning in situations
39
Q

Dysfunction according to ET

A
  • result of living an unexamined life (not thinking about meaning and value)
  • Functional people always search for “authentic self”
40
Q

ET present or past?

A

The immediate, subjective experience of the client and therapist (not the past)

41
Q

Bracketing

A
  • holding previous knowledge in awareness and putting it aside
42
Q

Dereflection

A
  • Redirect attention or deflect away from the self and out to the world
  • Goal is to redirect clients’ attention to discover meaning in situations in the present moment, rather than becoming trapped in obsessive worry.
43
Q

Classical Conditioning

A
  • pair an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. food) - which produced salivation (unconditioned response) with something (bell) to result in a conditioned response
  • the unconditioned becomes conditioned
44
Q

Little Albert Experiment

A
  • human emotions are learned and can be generalized
  • can condition a generalized fear
45
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • positive and negative reinforcement to increase a behavior
  • punishment to decrease a behavior
46
Q

Observational Learning

A
  • Bandura: humans can learn BOTH dysfunctional and functional learning
  • vicarious conditioning (e.g.)
47
Q

Is BT focused on Ego, Id or Superego?

A
  • Id focused
48
Q

Goal of BT

A
  • Reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
  • teach in increase adaptive responses
49
Q

Ex. of BT Questions

A
  • Is there a trigger for the behavior?
  • How long does it last?
  • How often does it occur?
  • On scale of 1-10 how intense is it?
  • Describe the behavior
  • When is the behavior (or with whom) least likely to occur?
50
Q

List of Some BT techniques

A
  • Exposure therapy
  • Systematic desensitization
  • Reinforcement
  • Extinction
  • Stimulus control
  • Modelling
  • Role Play
51
Q

Criticism of BT

A
  • cold, mechanical
  • ignores feelings and thoughts, past, interpersonal relationships
  • superficial
  • solution focused
  • missed opportunities to go deeper
52
Q

Positive Quality of BT

A
  • Scientific basis
  • empirical evidence that it works
53
Q

Diversity and BT

A
  • cold so may be good for some people who are less emotional
  • sturctured, directive - good for those who value hierarchy
  • can be seen as ignoring oppressed groups - who decides what is adaptive? can therapist take control without considering social/cultural forces?
  • some behaviors are culturally appropriate so should not look to change those
54
Q

Philosophy of Cognitive Therapy

A
  • events/experiences trigger thoughts, which trigger reactions (emotional, behavioral or physiological)
55
Q

Schemas

A
  • organize information and attach meaning to it (innate process)
  • use these to make sense of environment
56
Q

4 Basic Human Motivators

A
  1. Preservation
  2. Reproduction
  3. Dominance
  4. Sociability
57
Q

3 types of Cognition

A
  1. Automatic: survival/primal based
  2. Conscious: thinking
  3. Metacognitive: think about our thought processes
58
Q

3 General Themes Negative Core Beliefs

A
  1. Helplessness
  2. Unlovable
  3. Worthlessness
59
Q

Automatic Thoughts

A
  • Fleeting thoughts that come out of nowhere but are based in core beliefs - can be images
60
Q

Core and Intermediate Beliefs

A
  • Core: what I believe is true about myself regardless of what others think
  • Intermediate: conditional and include coping
61
Q

Cognitive Triad

A
  • Negative views of self, world and the future
62
Q

Examples of Cognitive Distortions

A
  1. All or nothing thinking
  2. Overgeneralization
  3. Mental Filter - dwell on negative, ignore +
  4. Jump to conclusions (mind reading, fortune telling)
  5. Magnification/Minimization
  6. Labeling
  7. Personalization and Blame
  8. Should and Must statements
63
Q

Goal of CT

A
  • Idnetify faulty schemas and information and change it, try to eliminate AT’s
  • Modify beliefs
  • Teach problem-solving strategies
64
Q

CT Techniques

A
  • cognitive restructuring
  • Thought Records
  • Questioning - “what was going through your mind just now?”
  • Downward arrow (identify beliefs to get to core beliefs)
  • Social skills training
  • Problem solving
  • Cognitive disputation - question thoughts and beliefs to (e.g.) reduce anxiety
65
Q

Critique of CT

A
  • too simple
  • may clash with collectivist culture cuz based on “everyone responsible for own fate”
66
Q

Why is CT good?

A
  • empirical support for effectiveness
  • treatment manuals
  • clients taught to help themselves

Theories of Individual Counselling (1 decks)

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