Mid Term Flashcards
Explanatory synthesis
Written discussion that draws to or more sources
Ways we argue
Theoretical (analytical) - rain is wet
And
Practical substantial) - rain is wet: I need an umbrella
Structure of argument
Claim Ground (evidence) Warrant (reason) Backing Qualifier (degree of certainty) Rebuttal (anticipate objection)
Philosophers
Plato
Believed in the truth
Believed it was immoral to make an argument for something you knew was wrong
Contemplative
Sophist
Isocrates
Believed in the truth
If everything is relative, is there a standard morality
Teaching rhetoric = teaching civic duty
Active
Ethos
Nature, disposition
Ethical stance of the speaker
Pathos
Suffering. Pathology
Emotional
Logos
Word, idea, or message
Informative (logic: the art of reason)
Logical fallacies
Errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument
Ad Hominem
Make personal attacks rather than focusing on the issue at hand
Guilt by association
Attacks someone’s credibility by linking that person with a person or activity that the audience will bad, suspicious, or untrust
False authority
Because an authority thinks something, it must be true
Bandwagon appeal
Suggest that a great movement is under way and the reader will be a fool or traitor not to join
Flattery
Attempt to persuade audience by suggesting they are smart enough to agree with rhetor
In-crowd appeal
A special flattery, invite audience to identify with an admired and select group
Veiled threat
Attempt to frighten audience by implying they will suffer adverse consequences if they don’t agree with rhetor
False analogy
A comparison made between two situations that are not significantly alike
Begging the question
A circular argument that treats a debatable statement as if it had been proven true
Post hoc fallacy
Assumption that because B happened after A, it must have been caused A
Non Sequitur
Attempt to tie together two or more logically unrelated ideas as if they were related
Either-or Fallacy
Insistence that complex situation can have only two possible outcomes
Hasty Generalization
A conclusion based on too little evidence or on bad or misunderstood evidence
Oversimplification
An overly direct relationship between a cause and an effect
Straw man
A misrepresentation of the opposition y pretending the opponents agree with something that few reasonable people would support
