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PSYC 321 > Mid Term > Flashcards

Mid Term Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Social psychology is the scientific study of what three concepts?

A

Thinking, Influences, Relations

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3
Q

Social psych and the person-situation controversy

A

behaviors are due to their individual traits or the situation

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4
Q

How social psychology differs from other similar areas of study

A

Sociology: groups and societies; Evolutionary: diff**similarities genetic survival; Personality psychology: individual differences

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5
Q

How values and bias can work their way into research

A

Individual or group values may influence what we study, how we study it, how we interpret findings

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6
Q

Three basic research designs

A

Random sampling, Representative, Random assignment

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7
Q

Issues with surveys and reports

A

Question order, Response type, Question wording

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8
Q

The use and importance of correlations*

A

Measurement of 2+ factors to examine their association

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9
Q

The use and different types of experiments*

A

Manipulation of one or more factors to draw causal conclusions * ?True? experiment * Quasi-??experiment

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10
Q

Essential aspects of ?true? experiments

A

Complete control over variables

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11
Q

Historical differences with today?s research

A

Adoption of etchics

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12
Q

5 required pieces to participation

A

Informed consent, Deception when necessary, Protect from physical**psychological harm, Protect confidentiality, Debriefing

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13
Q

The most likely participants in social psychology research

A

White, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

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14
Q

How a lack of generalizability hurts the field*

A

?

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15
Q

Main effects

A

?

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16
Q

Interactive effect

A

?

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17
Q

How to tell from a graph

A

?

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18
Q

Spotlight effect

A

organization of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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19
Q

Illusion of transparency

A

we think people notice signs of our emotions

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20
Q

Self-concept

A

What we know and believe about ourselves; who we are

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21
Q

Self-schemas

A

mental templates about oneself

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22
Q

Possible selves*

A

mental representation of what we could or might be or become

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23
Q

Looking-glass self*

A

how we imagine others see us (not necessarily how others actually see us)

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24
Q

Social identity

A

?

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25
Q

Planning fallacy

A

we underestimate how long a task will take us

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26
Q

Affective forecasting

A

our attempts to predict how we would feel if something happened

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27
Q

Impact bias

A

we overestimate the enduring impact of emotional events

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28
Q

Theories of construction

A

?

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29
Q

Correlates of low and high self-esteem

A

* High self-esteem usually correlates with positive outcomes * Low self-esteem and early negative experiences

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30
Q

Narcissism

A

very high self-esteem, low social concern

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31
Q

Secure self-esteem

A

?

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32
Q

Self-control

A

The ability to control one?s behavior, emotions, cognition, and desires to attain a reward or avoid punishment

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33
Q

Self-efficacy

A

One?s sense of competence and effectiveness

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34
Q

Locus of control

A

Our ability to do good given the circumstances

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35
Q

Learned helplessness

A

extreme external LOC after negative experiences

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36
Q

Tyranny of freedom

A

when faced with multiple choices, we are less happy than if we were just given one option

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37
Q

Self-serving bias

A

We tend to perceive ourselves in a favorable light

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38
Q

Self-serving attribution*

A

we associate ourselves with our successes and distance ourselves from our failures

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39
Q

Self-presentation

A

We desire to present a certain image to other people AND to ourselves

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40
Q

Automatic versus controlled*

A

?

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41
Q

Self-handicapping

A

we protect our image with behaviors that may explain later behaviors

42
Q

Self-monitoring

A

the level to which one is attuned to their self-presentation

43
Q

Perception of stimuli

A

Our assumptions and prejudgments can color our perception of the social world

44
Q

How internal factors can influence what we ?see?

A

?

45
Q

Priming

A

activation of associations, often below the level of consciousness

46
Q

Examples from priming stereotype threat research

A

?

47
Q

How we interpret ambiguous information*

A

Kulechov effect: mental tendency of viewers to attempt to figure out how filmed shots fit together, even if the shots are totally unrelated

48
Q

Interpretation of perceived stimuli

A

How we interpret what we perceive depends on our beliefs

49
Q

Belief perseverance

A

we attend more to information that confirms our beliefs

50
Q

Confirmation bias

A

we search for information that fits with what we believe

51
Q

How to enduringly change a belief *

A

Must be explained in detail

52
Q

Memory construction

A

We like complete memories

53
Q

Why we construct and alter our memories

A

Even a simple question or statement can change what we remember

54
Q

Misinformation effect

A

the incorporation of untrue information into one?s memory of an event after receiving misleading information

55
Q

Judgments

A

We utilize intuitive judgment regularly in social interactions

56
Q

The controlled versus automatic pathway

A

Automatic pathway * Priming * Schemas * Emotion * Expertise

57
Q

When do we use each?

A

?

58
Q

Overconfidence phenomenon

A

we are generally more confident in guessing than we should be

59
Q

Relation to the planning fallacy

A

* Hard to dislodge * Only when breaking tasks down do we recognize our fallacy

60
Q

Confirmation bias

A

we search for information that fits with what we believe

61
Q

Self-verification

A

We seek out friends, jobs, situations that confirm what we think of ourselves

62
Q

Heuristics

A

thinking strategies that enable quick judgments

63
Q

Representative heuristic

A

we believe something belongs to a group if it is similar to a typical member

64
Q

Availability heuristic

A

we judge the likelihood of something on its availability in our memory

65
Q

Counterfactuals

A

easily imaginable alternatives to reality

66
Q

Illusory thinking

A

We try to see order in our world, even when there is none

67
Q

Illusory correlation

A

we misperceive random events as confirming our beliefs

68
Q

Illusion of control

A

we think that some completely uncontrollable events are under our control

69
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

statistical tendency for extreme scorers to become less extreme with repeated testing

70
Q

Attribution theory

A

we engage in a series of judgments in determining the cause of people?s behaviors

71
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

the behavior is due to who the person is

72
Q

Situational attribution

A

the behavior is due to the situation they in

73
Q

Kelley?s theory of attribution decisions (3 parts)

A

Consistency, Distinctiveness, Consensus

74
Q

Misattribution

A

our attributions can cause social difficulties when incorrect

75
Q

Fundamental attribution bias

A

we underestimate the power of situational influences on people?s behavior

76
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

?

77
Q

Pygmalion in the classroom example

A

Teacher’s expectation, Teacher’s behavior, Student’s behavior

78
Q

Definitions and distinctions between attitudes and behaviors

A

* Behavior: an external, exhibited reaction * Attitude: an internal, evaluative reaction

79
Q

Historical understandings

A

Through 1960s, attitudes drove behaviors * Want to change behaviors? Change attitudes

80
Q

Attitudes

A

?

81
Q

Measuring attitudes

A

The data we collect is merely expressed attitudes

82
Q

Expressed versus true attitudes

A

?

83
Q

Explicit versus implicit attitudes

A

Implicit attitudes and biases are: * Pervasive * Individually differing * Largely subconscious

84
Q

The IAT

A

a computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes using reaction times to sort pairings of words

85
Q

Use

A

?

86
Q

Criticism

A

Familiarity versus bias * Preference over negative attitudes * Lack of reliability

87
Q

Situational influences in predicting behavior from attitudes

A

?

88
Q

Principle of aggregation

A

attitudes best predict behavior over long periods of time

89
Q

General versus specific attitudes

A

General attitudes predict little to nothing of behavior

90
Q

Behaviors changing attitudes

A

?

91
Q

Definitions of role and role-playing

A

Roles: people given social position should behave * Role-playing: feeling of ?being an imposter? taking new roles

92
Q

The Stanford Prison experiment

A

?

93
Q

Historical background

A

Prisoner abuse

94
Q

Variables and study design

A

?

95
Q

Foot-in-the-door and momentum of compliance

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

96
Q

Our attitudes towards those we hurt and help

A

We dislike those who we hurt

97
Q

Public conformity

A

Korean POWs & thought control; the Pledge of Allegiance

98
Q

Theories of attitude change (3 theories)

A

* presentation: not look inconsistent * justification: prove not inconsistent * perception: do something often, positive attitude

99
Q

Be able to compare and contrast

A

?

100
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

we experience anxiety when attitudes and behaviors are mismatched

101
Q

Insufficient justification

A

we feel more dissonance when receiving few external rewards

PSYC 321 (1 decks)

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