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biochem 2 u of m > mid term > Flashcards

mid term Flashcards

1
Q

PKF in glycolysis serves to,,,

A

generate energy when energy levels are low

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2
Q

PFK in gluconeogenesis serves to..

A

store energy when energy levels are high

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3
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

Key regulatory site of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

  • In glycolysis- pfk is inhibited by high nrg (ATP and citrate), activated by low energy (ADP, AMP)
  • gluconeogenesis - activated by ATP citrate, inhibited by ADP, AMP
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4
Q

Glucose serves as major fuel for energy in most organisms (3)

A
  • can be used as a source of ATP
  • can be used to supply th cell w/ AA, mucleotides, FA, and other metabolic intermediates
  • can be stored as glycogen or starch
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5
Q

glycolysis

A

-degradation of glucose (C6) to 2 molecules of pyruvate (C3)

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6
Q

gluconeogenesis

A
  • process of building glucose from smaller metabolited (pyruvate)
  • uses most of the same enzymes in glycolysis (reversible)
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7
Q

synthases

A

catalyze condensation rxns WITH OUT requirement for nucleoside triphosphates **doesn’t need atp

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8
Q

synthetases

A

catalyze condensation rxn that DO use nucleoside triphosphates (succinyl-CoA synthetase)

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9
Q

Ligases

A

Catalyze condensation rxns in which 2 atoms are joined together using ATP

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10
Q

Lyases

A

Catalyze the cleavage with elecronic rearrangements (PDH- COMPLEX)

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11
Q

Kinase

A

-Transfer phosphoryl groups
ATP is involved to put phosphate on molecule
(opposite of phosphatase)

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12
Q

phosphatase

A

-removal of a phosphoryl group from a phosphate ester

Opposite of Kinase

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13
Q

allosteric control

A

Multi unit only
Activator binds and converts the enzyme to the more active R-state

Inhibitor binds and converts the enzyme to the less active T-state

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14
Q

phosphofructokinase regulation

A
  • *feed back control
  • PFK allosteric enzyme with several regulatory sites
  • ATP (inhibitor) binds to PFK and lowers its affinity for Frc-6-P
  • ADP (activator) relieves this inhibition by binding PFK and raising its affinity for Frc-6-P
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15
Q

where is ATP used in the prep phase of glycolysis?

A

Step 1 (Glucose to glu-6-p)band Step 3 ( fru 6-P to fru 1,6, bis phospante)

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16
Q

What does the magnesium group do? (Mg2+)

A

-Mg2+ stabilize the phosphate

Mg is a positive ion, helps ADP pull off phosphate

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17
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

A
  • RDS
  • Co2 loss
  • Allosteric enzyme which is activated by ADP (low energy nrg) and inihibited by ATP and NADH (high energy)
  • can affect glycolysis with a build of citrate affecting PFK
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18
Q

Rate limiting step in TCA

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Isocitrate to aketoglutarate (NADP–> NADPH)

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19
Q

Main purpose of TCA cycle is?

A

produce energy

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20
Q

MEtabolism of pyruvate

A

-anaerobic (low O2) muscle or yeast
**- aerobic (normal O2)
TCA cycle

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21
Q

what happens to the pyruvate

A

Depends on :

1) presence / absence of O2
2) the type of organism

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22
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase consists of 3 major enzymes

A

E1- pyruvate decarboxylase (uses ATP)
E2- Dihydrolipoate transacetylase (Uses Lipoic Acid)
E3-Dihydrolipoate dehydrogenase (NADH-FADH2 oxidoreductase)

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23
Q

PDH cofactors

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)- E1
Lipoic acid -E2
FAD - E3

NAD, CoA

24
Q

What would happen if lipoid acid were not present

A

acetaldehyde would be produced

yeast route

25
Q

Lipoates acts both as an ______ and an ______

A

Acyl carrier and electron carrier

26
Q

what would happen if lipoic acid were not present?

A

acetaldehyde would be produced

pyruvate decarboxylase reaction also used TPP

27
Q

Balancing/analplerotic reaction

1) pruvate carboxylase

A
  • liver, kidney
  • activated by AcCoA
  • important for FA synthesis
  • gluconeogentic and anaplerotic
28
Q

Balancing/analplerotic reaction

2) PEP carboxykinase

A
  • heart, muscle

- gluconeogentic and anaplerotic

29
Q

Balancing/analplerotic reaction

3) PEP carboxylase

A
  • higher plants, yeast, bacteria
  • ACTIVATED BY FRC 1,6 BIS PHOSPHATE
  • anaplerotic
30
Q

Balancing/analplerotic reaction

4) Malic enxyme

A
  • widely distrubted in Euks and Proks
  • important for FA synthesis
  • anaplerotic
31
Q

anaplerotic

A

=balancing or “filling up” reactions

32
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

aka hexose monophosphate shunt and phosphogluconate pathway

A

an alternate pathway for glucose degradation found in animal cells where NADPH is required

33
Q

NADPH is used in

A

anabolism (making something)

34
Q

NADH is used in

A

catabolism (break down)

35
Q

Pentose Phosphate pathway can be divided into 2 sections

A

1) oxidative phase

2) non-oxidative phase

36
Q

Pentose Phosphate pathway Oxidative phase

A

production of energy and pentoses

37
Q

Pentose Phosphate pathway non- oxidative phase

A

rearrangement of pentoses (C5) back to hexoses (C6)

38
Q

Why do we need Pentose Phosphate pathway (PPP)

A

1) produce NADPH- reducing power

2) make pentoses

39
Q

Electron transport chain

A

under aerobic condition, glycolysis (cytosol) and the TCA (mitochodria) produce reduced e- carriers NADH and FADH2

40
Q

the ETC NADH and FADH2 need to be…… for the pathway to continue

A

re-oxidized

41
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

in mitochondiral membrane and is coupled to ATP production

42
Q

Electron transport chaine passes electrons…

A

down the energy gradient through a series of acceptors with higher and higher reduction potential ending with CO2

43
Q

Electrons entering the ETC are energy rich and as they pass down the chain they lose____

A

free energy

44
Q

4 major protein compleses that carry the electrons

A

complex 1
complex 2
complex III
Complex IV

45
Q

Complex 1

A

NADh dehydrogenase, FMN flavoprotein + FeS (6 groups), Coq (ubiquinone)

46
Q

Complex II

A

Succ dehase (TCA cycle enzyme, membrane bound)

47
Q

Complex III

A

cytochrom b + c1 + 11 proteins

48
Q

Complex iV

A

Cytochrome oxidase (a + a3 + 13 proteins)

49
Q

NADH producses how many ATP

A

2.5 ATP

50
Q

FADH2 produces how many ATP

A

1.5 ATP

51
Q

Chemiosmotic principle or theory

A

Delta H+ concentration across membranes and an electricl gradient along are the driving forces for energy production

52
Q

For 2 e- passing down the chain from NADH how many H+ and ATP

A

10 H+

2.5 ATP

53
Q

For 2 e- passing down the chain from FADH2 how many H+ and ATP

A

6 H+

1.5 ATP

54
Q

Energy production from glycolysis

A 
2 NADH2 (ETC) = 5 ATP
2 ATP (sub level phos) = 2 ATP
55
Q

Energy production from Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (mitochondria)

A

2 NadH2 (ETC) - 5 ATP

56
Q

Energy production from Citric Acid Cylcle (mitochondria)

A 
2 GTP (subst Level phos) 2 ATP
2 FADH2 (ETC) 3 ATP
6 NADH2 (ETC) 15 ATP

biochem 2 u of m (1 decks)

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