Mid-term Flashcards
Defense mechanism:
someone denies a threatening feeling and proclaims she
feels the opposite.
Reaction formation
e.g. feeling inside same sex attraction - come out as a homophobic
Defense mechanism:
when a person feels something that is not acceptable to him, attributes that feeling toward other person as he/ she is experiencing that feeling.
Projection
Defense mechanism:
Take anger out onto another person that is safer. e.g. yinstead (safer target).
Displacement
e.g. you can’t be angry with your supervisor, so yell at children instead (safer target
Defense mechanism:
Instead of acting out anger negative way, use it to bring positive outcomes.
Sublimation
e.g. child killed by a drunk driver - join organization to prevent drunk driving
Defense mechanism:
people rationalize unacceptable behavior to look/sound more rational.
Rationalization
e.g. I cheated on tax form but the government takes too much money any way so it’s ok
This concept refers to the client’s tendency to
view the therapist in terms that are shaped by his or her experiences with important
caregivers and other significant figures who played important roles during the developmental process.
Transference
The therapist’s reactions to the client is
Countertransference
Carl Roger’s three facilitative conditions
- Unconditional positive regard
- Accurate empathic understanding
- Genuineness (congruence)
warm acceptance, non-possessive caring, non-judgmental openness
Unconditional positive regard
the most basic of the attitudinal conditions that foster therapeutic growth.
Congruence
Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy:
Self-actualization: let go of false yourself and get to be who you really are.
Client-Centered Therapy Goals:
Help clients to achieve ? between self and experience, so that they can become more ?2 people
congruence,
fully-functioning and self-actualizing
Existential Anxiety:
the threat of ?, the necessity to make choices in the face of ?, and the knowledge that one can never know what it feels like to be ?.
non-being (death)
uncertainty
someone else
Reinforcement for Behavioral Therapy:Positive reinforcement
-when a stimulus that follows a behavior increases the ?
likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
Reinforcement for Behavioral Therapy: Negative reinforcement occurs when ?, following a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.
the removal of a stimulus
The goal of negative reinforcement is to?
increase the occurrence of a behavior.
Classical conditioning is a form of respondent learning in which an ? stimulus (e.g. food for dog), leads to an ? response (e.g. salivation). This is paired with a ? stimulus (e.g. bell) resulting in the same response.
unconditioned / unconditioned
conditioned
Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the ?3 of a behavior is influenced by its ?.
frequency, form, or strength
consequences
The goal of cognitive behavior is to make client aware of ?and ? and to label events more accurately.
logical errors
irrational thinking
Punishment:
The application of ? following a behavior in order to decrease the probability that?
a stimulus
the behavior will occur again.
Extinction:
Withdrawing ? following a target behavior, in order to decrease the probability that?
positive reinforcement
the target behavior will occur again
Premack’s principal:
? behaviors are used to reinforce ? behaviors so that they are more likely to occur.
high-probability (more desirable behaviors)
lower-probability (less desirable behaviors)
e.g. TV time as a reward for making a bed
Differential Reinforcement for Other Behaviors (DRO):
All behaviors, except the target behavior, are ?, and positive reinforcement is withheld following the?
positively reinforced
target behavior.
Response Cost:
? is removed each time the behavior is performed, usually associated with?
A positive reinforcer
a loss of points in a token economy
Overcorrection: 2 steps
- Have clients correct “?” of their behavior
- Then intensively practice ?
- undesirable effects (restitution phase)
2. alternative, positive behavior (positive practice phase)
Token Economy:
A structured environment in which desirable behaviors are increased by consistently reinforcing them with ? reinforcers (tokens )that can be exchanged for ? reinforcers (desired items).
generalized conditioned
primary
Token Economy:
Undesirable behaviors are reduced by consistently ?following those behaviors.
withholding or removing reinforcement
Shaping:
A method of positive reinforcement, is used to establish ? behavior, involves reinforcing ? of the desired behavior
a new complex successive approximations (i.e. small steps)
Fading:
As an individual gains mastery of a skill at a particular ? level, the ?(same) is faded to a ? .
prompt
less intrusive prompt
Fading:
This ensures that the individual does not become overly dependent on ? when learning a new behavior or skill.
a particular prompt
Prompting:
A prompt is a cue or assistance to ? the desired response from an individual
encourage
Problem Solving Casework:
- In this approach, sw and client 3 steps
- SW makes ? for clients and advocate for clients accessing ?
- It teaches clients ? so that they have skills to solve problems in the future on their own.
- define problems, set goals, and implement interventions.
- necessary resources available / resources
- problem solving skills
Sociobehavioral Treatment:
- This approach emphasizes ?.
- It defines the problem in ? and the outcomes in ?.
- It studies behavioral problems in ? and identify ?of the behavior.
- SW often works as ?? to teach a client specific skills to change their ?
- observable behaviors
- measurable behaviors / changes in the behaviors
- social context, reinforcers
- an educator and a model / problematic behaviors
Functional Treatment:
- This approach believes in the human’s ability to ? to achieve their goals and emphasizes the individual’s ?.
- SW and client negotiate ? and ?.
- SW helps client to use ? to ?
- SW doesn’t determine goal for the client.
- SW uses ? such as ?? of services.
- modify environment and behavior / potential for growth
- diagnosis and treatment time frame
- the agency services / achieve goals
- structures
- frequency and duration
Psychosocial Treatment:
- This approach addresses both ? and ? causes of ? in treatment.
- It is a ? approach and looks how a person is affected by ?. -? between a client and therapist and respect and commitment for clients are crucial factors for meeting goals.
- Goals are by a client and therapist.
- psychological (internal) / social (external) / behaviors and feelings
- systems / the environment he/she is in
- Positive working relationship
- mutually negotiated
The existential psychologist focuses on the meaning that an individual gives to ? and on the mode of ? that the individual has chosen.
existence
being-in-the-world
In the existential therapy, the therapist and the client are ?
equal, no hierarchy
The existential therapist distinguish between TWO types of anxiety.
existential anxiety and neurotic anxiety
Neurotic anxiety results when a person tries to avoid ?
existential anxiety
The goal of existential therapy:
-To help the individual achieve an ? , -in which he or she can confront the threat of?, -make and take responsibility for decisions in the face of ?, -and acknowledge his or her fundamental ?
- “authentic existence” (mode of being in the world)
- non-being
- existential doubt
- existential isolation.
