Mid-term

Question 1

Defense mechanism:
someone denies a threatening feeling and proclaims she
feels the opposite.

Answer 1

Reaction formation

e.g. feeling inside same sex attraction - come out as a homophobic

Question 2

Defense mechanism:
when a person feels something that is not acceptable to him, attributes that feeling toward other person as he/ she is experiencing that feeling.

Answer 2

Projection

Question 3

Defense mechanism:

Take anger out onto another person that is safer. e.g. yinstead (safer target).

Answer 3

Displacement

e.g. you can’t be angry with your supervisor, so yell at children instead (safer target

Question 4

Defense mechanism:

Instead of acting out anger negative way, use it to bring positive outcomes.

Answer 4

Sublimation

e.g. child killed by a drunk driver - join organization to prevent drunk driving

Question 5

Defense mechanism:

people rationalize unacceptable behavior to look/sound more rational.

Answer 5

Rationalization

e.g. I cheated on tax form but the government takes too much money any way so it’s ok

Question 6

This concept refers to the client’s tendency to
view the therapist in terms that are shaped by his or her experiences with important
caregivers and other significant figures who played important roles during the developmental process.

Answer 6

Transference

Question 7

The therapist’s reactions to the client is

Answer 7

Countertransference

Question 8

Carl Roger’s three facilitative conditions

Answer 8

1. Unconditional positive regard
2. Accurate empathic understanding
3. Genuineness (congruence)

Question 9

warm acceptance, non-possessive caring, non-judgmental openness

Answer 9

Unconditional positive regard

Question 10

the most basic of the attitudinal conditions that foster therapeutic growth.

Answer 10

Congruence

Question 11

Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy:

Answer 11

Self-actualization: let go of false yourself and get to be who you really are.

Question 12

Client-Centered Therapy Goals:

Help clients to achieve ? between self and experience, so that they can become more ?2 people

Answer 12

congruence,

fully-functioning and self-actualizing

Question 13

Existential Anxiety:
the threat of ?, the necessity to make choices in the face of ?, and the knowledge that one can never know what it feels like to be ?.

Answer 13

non-being (death)
uncertainty
someone else

Question 14

Reinforcement for Behavioral Therapy:Positive reinforcement

-when a stimulus that follows a behavior increases the ?

Answer 14

likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

Question 15

Reinforcement for Behavioral Therapy: Negative reinforcement occurs when ?, following a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

Answer 15

the removal of a stimulus

Question 16

The goal of negative reinforcement is to?

Answer 16

increase the occurrence of a behavior.

Question 17

Classical conditioning is a form of respondent learning in which an ? stimulus (e.g. food for dog), leads to an ? response (e.g. salivation). This is paired with a ? stimulus (e.g. bell) resulting in the same response.

Answer 17

unconditioned / unconditioned

conditioned

Question 18

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the ?3 of a behavior is influenced by its ?.

Answer 18

frequency, form, or strength

consequences

Question 19

The goal of cognitive behavior is to make client aware of ?and ? and to label events more accurately.

Answer 19

logical errors

irrational thinking

Question 20

Punishment:

The application of ? following a behavior in order to decrease the probability that?

Answer 20

a stimulus

the behavior will occur again.

Question 21

Extinction:

Withdrawing ? following a target behavior, in order to decrease the probability that?

Answer 21

positive reinforcement

the target behavior will occur again

Question 22

Premack’s principal:

? behaviors are used to reinforce ? behaviors so that they are more likely to occur.

Answer 22

high-probability (more desirable behaviors)
lower-probability (less desirable behaviors)
e.g. TV time as a reward for making a bed

Question 23

Differential Reinforcement for Other Behaviors (DRO):

All behaviors, except the target behavior, are ?, and positive reinforcement is withheld following the?

Answer 23

positively reinforced

target behavior.

Question 24

Response Cost:

? is removed each time the behavior is performed, usually associated with?

Answer 24

A positive reinforcer

a loss of points in a token economy

Question 25

Overcorrection: 2 steps

1. Have clients correct “?” of their behavior
2. Then intensively practice ?

Answer 25

1. undesirable effects (restitution phase)

2. alternative, positive behavior (positive practice phase)

Question 26

Token Economy:
A structured environment in which desirable behaviors are increased by consistently reinforcing them with ? reinforcers (tokens )that can be exchanged for ? reinforcers (desired items).

Answer 26

generalized conditioned

primary

Question 27

Token Economy:

Undesirable behaviors are reduced by consistently ?following those behaviors.

Answer 27

withholding or removing reinforcement

Question 28

Shaping:

A method of positive reinforcement, is used to establish ? behavior, involves reinforcing ? of the desired behavior

Answer 28

a new complex
successive approximations (i.e. small steps)

Question 29

Fading:

As an individual gains mastery of a skill at a particular ? level, the ?(same) is faded to a ? .

Answer 29

prompt

less intrusive prompt

Question 30

Fading:

This ensures that the individual does not become overly dependent on ? when learning a new behavior or skill.

Answer 30

a particular prompt

Question 31

Prompting:

A prompt is a cue or assistance to ? the desired response from an individual

Answer 31

encourage

Question 32

Problem Solving Casework:

• In this approach, sw and client 3 steps
• SW makes ? for clients and advocate for clients accessing ?
• It teaches clients ? so that they have skills to solve problems in the future on their own.

Answer 32

• define problems, set goals, and implement interventions.
• necessary resources available / resources
• problem solving skills

Question 33

Sociobehavioral Treatment:

• This approach emphasizes ?.
• It defines the problem in ? and the outcomes in ?.
• It studies behavioral problems in ? and identify ?of the behavior.
• SW often works as ?? to teach a client specific skills to change their ?

Answer 33

• observable behaviors
• measurable behaviors / changes in the behaviors
• social context, reinforcers
• an educator and a model / problematic behaviors

Question 34

Functional Treatment:

• This approach believes in the human’s ability to ? to achieve their goals and emphasizes the individual’s ?.
• SW and client negotiate ? and ?.
• SW helps client to use ? to ?
• SW doesn’t determine goal for the client.
• SW uses ? such as ?? of services.

Answer 34

• modify environment and behavior / potential for growth
• diagnosis and treatment time frame
• the agency services / achieve goals
• structures
• frequency and duration

Question 35

Psychosocial Treatment:

• This approach addresses both ? and ? causes of ? in treatment.
• It is a ? approach and looks how a person is affected by ?. -? between a client and therapist and respect and commitment for clients are crucial factors for meeting goals.
• Goals are by a client and therapist.

Answer 35

• psychological (internal) / social (external) / behaviors and feelings
• systems / the environment he/she is in
• Positive working relationship
• mutually negotiated

Question 36

The existential psychologist focuses on the meaning that an individual gives to ? and on the mode of ? that the individual has chosen.

Answer 36

existence

being-in-the-world

Question 37

In the existential therapy, the therapist and the client are ?

Answer 37

equal, no hierarchy

Question 38

The existential therapist distinguish between TWO types of anxiety.

Answer 38

existential anxiety and neurotic anxiety

Question 39

Neurotic anxiety results when a person tries to avoid ?

Answer 39

existential anxiety

Question 40

The goal of existential therapy:
-To help the individual achieve an ? , -in which he or she can confront the threat of?, -make and take responsibility for decisions in the face of ?, -and acknowledge his or her fundamental ?

Answer 40

• “authentic existence” (mode of being in the world)
• non-being
• existential doubt
• existential isolation.