Mid-Term Flashcards
Jamestown
Built in 1607 and was the first royal colony; John Smith was leader and the main crop was tobacco
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded in 1620 for religious freedom by John Winthrop and William Bradford
John Smith
Leader of Jamestown who was at one time captured by Indians; was also injured and sent back to England
Roger Williams
Puritan minister who defended Native Americans’ rights and wanted to separate from the Church; kicked out of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Henry Hudson
Explored what is now the Hudson River; tried to find the Northwest passage but was thrown overboard by his own men and never seen again; British but worked for the Dutch
Ann Hutchinson
Religious speaker in the Massachusetts Bay Colony; believed only few ministers were correct; leaves and is eventually killed by Indians in New York
William Penn
Leader of Pennsylvania who was very well liked and friendly with the Indians; founder of Philadelphia
Peter Stuyvesant
A Dutch founder of New York; a bad leader and was hated by his people who did not fight for him
John Winthrop
Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; Puritan lawyer; wanted to “build a city upon a hill”
Puritans
people who wanted to fix or purify the Church of England; wanted to abolish Catholicism
Separatists
people who wanted to completely separate from the Church of England and start new
House of Burgesses
The lower house of Virginia’s colonial legislature; 2 people from each plantation
Triangular Trade
The transatlantic system of exchange of goods and slaves between Africa, Europe, the West Indies, and North America
What was the Society of Friends and what principles did they believe in?
Also known as Quakers, they were a radical religious group who pushed for an individual relationship with God; inner-light, no sacraments or administers, equals rights for women, religious tolerance, refuse to take oaths
Why did people want to live in Pennsylvania?
safe and friendly with Indians, equal rights, rivers were useful, freedom of worship, no tax-supported church
Essay: Protests before Revolutionary War
Boston Tea Party in response to the Tea Act
mob violence
boycotting goods
1st Continental Congress in response to Intolerable Acts
Stamp Act Congress in response to the Stamp Act
Essay: Military Strategies of British and Patriots
British: close off ports, not let the colonies get help from other countries, fought in open space in lines,
Colonists: guerilla warfare and hit-and-run tactics, war had to be long and fought in small battles, keep high spirits
Essay: Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
central government had little power
laws required a 9/13 majority vote
once passed, laws couldn’t be enforced
government couldn’t tax or regulate commerce
unanimous vote for amendments was hard to get
The Constitutional Convention met in:
Philadelphia
The convention which assembled in May 1787 was supposed to:
revise the Articles of Confederation
most gifted political philosopher at the convention:
James Madison
Madison’s Virginia Plan:
would create a two-house Congress
The Great Compromise:
settled the question of congressional representation
The Founders designed the Constitution so that the only branch of the government directly elected by the voters would be the:
House of Reps
Under the proposed Constitution, members of the Senate would:
Be chosen by state legislatures
The president’s powers were limited by all of the following EXCEPT:
He would be chosen by popular vote
In regard to the Supreme Court, the Constitution:
Required it to have a Chief Justice
Article VI declares the Constitution:
“The supreme law of the land”
Amendments to the Constitution:
Would be proposed by two-thirds vote of congress
Most of “The Federalist” essays were written by:
Alexander Hamilton
Federalist Number 10 explains how a republican can:
Be successful in a large, diverse society
“The Federalist” argued that:
The size and diversity of the large new country would make it impossible for any one faction to control the government
Anti-Federalist leaders:
Wanted a bill of rights to protect individuals from the new government
Who was an anti-federalist?
Patrick Henry
Last state to ratify the Constitution:
Rhode Island
Founders viewed the Constitution’s future with:
Uncertainty
He briefly represented NY at the Constitutional Convention
Alexander Hamilton
He was the Confederation Superintendent of Finance
Robert Morris
He was a disgruntled Massachusetts farmer
Daniel Shay
He proposed the Great Compromise
Roger Sherman
He was serving abroad during Constitutional Convention
John Adams
The French and Indian War was triggered by:
Conflicting French and English claims to the Ohio Valley
As a result of George Washington’s engagement with the French at Fort Necessity:
He was forced to surrender
The war that erupted between the French and British in North America
Became a world war
All opposed Britain in the Seven Years War EXCEPT:
Prussia
The decisive battle of the French and Indian War concluded with General Wolfe’s capture of:
Quebec
As a result of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, Britain acquired:
Florida
As a result of its defeat in the war, France:
Lost all of its territory in North America
At the end of the war, New Orleans and all of the French lands west of the Mississippi:
Went to Spain
The immediate consequence of Pontiac’s Rebellion resulted in most Americans believing that:
All Indians must be removed
In retrospect, Britain’s victory in the French and Indian War:
Led to the loss of its American colonies about twenty years later
As a result of the French and Indian War:
A sense of American nationalism was developing
The Royal Proclamation of 1763:
Prohibited American settlement west of the Appalachians
T or F: The first conflicts of the American Revolution took place in South Carolina
F
T or F: Before the revolution was over, the British were fighting the Spanish, the French, and the Dutch, as well as the Americans
T
T or F: By its final years, the American war of independence had become a world war
T
T or F: In 1778, Parliament adopted a program that granted all the American demands made prior to independence
T
T or F: During the war, Iroquois tribes like the Mohawks helped the Americans fight against the British
F
To aid in the war, George III hired Germans known as:
Hessians
When the British attacked New York in late August 1776:
The American army was fortunate to escape into New Jersey
On Christmas night in 1776, Washington crossed the Delaware to defeat the:
Hessians
In late December 1776, George Washington was able to reverse American fortunes by:
Winning battles at Trenton and Princeton
Washington soon learned that the best hope of beating the British was:
A long war of attrition
In 1777, Washington dealt with the threat of smallpox to his army by:
Ordering a mass inoculation
Americans won a tremendous victory in October 1777 with the surrender at Saratoga of:
Johnny Burgoyne
The American victory at Saratoga resulted in:
France’s entry on the American side
In 1779, Spain entered the war as an ally of:
France
In its winter camp at Valley Forge, Washington’s army was not decimated by
Enemy attack
The great exploit of George Rogers Clark was the:
Conquest of the western frontier
The British shifted their military effort to the South:
To utilize the strength of local Tories
The turning point of the war in the South was at:
Kings Mountain
Benedict Arnold became notorious late in the war by:
Going to the British
The American victory at Yorktown would have been impossible without:
French assistance
The news of Yorktown inspired the British to:
End the war
An important factor in the conclusion of the peace negotiations was the:
American decision to negotiate separately with the British
The peace treaty was signed at:
Paris
He surrendered at Yorktown
Lord Cornwallis
He lost at Saratoga
John Burgoyne
He won at Saratoga
Horatio Gates
He provided Washington key assistance at Yorktown
Admiral deGrasse
He wrote “The American Crisis”
Thomas Paine
He was an American Commander in the South known as the “Fighting Quaker”
Nathanael Greene
He ended Benedict Arnold’s plot
John Andre
T or F: The Quartering Act required the colonies to provide provisions and barracks for British soldiers
T
T or F: The stamp act placed the first tax on the new colonial postal system
F
T or F: The coercive acts were called the “Intolerable Acts” in the colonies
T
T or F: The Continental Association was created to enforce an American boycott of British goods
T
T or F: The fighting at Lexington and Concord started the Revolutionary War
T
T or F: George Washington led the colonial militias at Lexington and Concord
F
T or F: John and Sam Adams, the “Patriot brothers of Philadelphia,” urged their fellow colonists to reject the arguments of “Common Sense”
F
T or F: Thomas Jefferson was the chief author (or “draftsman”) of the Declaration of Independence
T
The Sugar Act of 1764:
taxed imports in order to raise revenue
The 1765 Stamp Act:
Required revenue stamps on legal and commercial documents
In response to the stamp act, the Sons of Liberty:
Engaged in mob violence
The stamp act congress:
Petitioned the British to repeal the Stamp Act
The Declaratory Act of 1766:
Reasserted the government’s right to tax the colonies
In response to American protests, in 1766 Parliament:
Repealed the stamp act
“Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer” argued:
That Parliament had no right to levy taxes for revenue
The Boston Massacre:
Grew out of crowd reaction and heckling of British soldiers in Boston
The major objective of the Tea Act of 1773 was to:
Bail out the East India Company
The purpose of the Coercive Acts was to:
Punish Boston for the Tea Party
In response to the Coercive Acts, the First Continental Congress met in:
Philadelphia
In April 1775, the British marched to Concord, Massachusetts, in an effort to:
Seize weapons and arrest colonial leaders
In the fighting on April 19,1775, the British suffered their greatest casualties:
During their retreat back to Boston
At the Battle of Bunker Hill:
The British suffered major casualties
At the end of 1775, Americans suffered a disastrous defeat when they attempted to capture:
Quebec
Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, “Common Sense”:
Made a powerful case for independence
He organized the Sons of Liberty
Sam Adams
He led the Green Mountain Boys
Ethan Allen
He was the first person killed at the Boston Massacre
Crispus Attucks
He wrote “Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer”
John Dickinson
He rode to Lexington the night of April 18, 1775
Paul Revere
At the time of Revolution, a republican form of government:
Was considered a radical idea
Most of the state constitutions adopted during the Revolution:
Contained bills of rights
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress:
Combined legislative and executive power
During the period of the Revolution, a slave might gain his freedom:
If he served in the army, joined the British, granted freedom, or ran away
In the era of the Revolution, the northern states:
Took steps to abolish slavery
Abigail Adams’ appeal to her husband John to “remember the ladies”:
Was basically ignored
The 640-acre sections created in the Northwest:
Would likely be bought by land speculators
The United States departed from the colonial policies of Great Britain by:
Promising equal statehood to all unsettled western territory
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
Banned slavery in the Northwest
An ongoing source of American tension toward the British was:
British forts on American soil
The United States contended with Spain over:
Freedom to navigate the Mississippi
Shay’s Rebellion broke out in:
Western Massachusetts
Shay’s Rebellion was led by:
Indebted farmers
Shay’s Rebellion:
Was repressed by state militia
