mid term 3 Flashcards
GI - what are the organisms causing bacterial gastroenteritis?
salmonella (food ) - self limiting
salmonella typhi and salmonella parathyphi (water- borne or person or person and its imported infection) - self limiting
shigella (person to person) - self limiting
campylobacter jejuni (food - chicken) - self limiting
vibrio - raw seafood - self limiting
clostridium difficile - antibiotic exposure - can n lead to colitis/ toxin megacolon/ death
GE - what are the organisms for viral gastroenteritis?
norovirus
rotavirus
adenovirus
GE - what sample to send for the bacteria organisms except for clostridium difficile?
stool for culture and sensitivity
GE - how long is the turnaround time for stool culture and sensitivity?
24-48hours
GE - what is the sample to send for clostridium difficile?
stool for c diff toxin - culture is not performed
GE - what are the sample to send for viral ge?
stool - culture is not performed
GE - peritonitis what are the organisms?
coliforms
pseudomonas aeruginosa
anaerobes
candida
plastic tube insert via urethra - skin flora bacteria or other environmental bacteria
GE - causes of peptic ulcer dieases ?
Hy pylori
GE - what organism causes enteric fever or typhoid fever?
salmonella typhi or salmonella paratyphi - antibiotic must be given
GE - too many courses of antibiotics can lead to?
c diff
FUNGI - what is candida?
it is a yeast
FUNGI - what is candidiasis?
normal flora over growth
FUNGI - what are the predisposing factors of candidiasis?
antibiotics, immunocompromised and infancy, old age or pregnancy
FUNGI - what to do in candidiasis?
stop antibiotics, remove central lines and do blood cultures
FUNGI - what is oral candidiasis called?
oral thrush
FUNGI - what does dermatophytes do?
they digest keratin - skin (scaly skin), hair (broken shafts), and nails (white, opaque, thick, and brittle)
FUNGI - how does apergillosis affect the lung signs or symptoms?
deep breathing, SOB
FUNGI - who does pneumocystis jiroveci affect?
lung infections in immunocompromised
common in HIV/AIDS patient
AMR - as per the jim o’neill amr report in 2050 what will cause more death in the world?
AMR - antimicrobial resistance
AMR - what is antimicrobial stewardship?
Antibiotic stewardship is the effort to optimize how antibiotics are used and is a core strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.
other infections - what are the 3 different clostridium species?
clostridium
perfringens
tetani
botulism
other infections - where is clostridium tetani found?
animal faeces or contaminated soil
other infections - what is the cause of tetanus?
superficial cut or contaminated splinter
other infections - how does clostridium tetani present?
stiffness, lockjaw, sardonic grin, opisthotonus ( extreme arching of the back)
other infections - what os the cause of clostridium botulinum?
severe or often fatal food poisoning
other infections - clinical features of clostridium botulinum?
double vision, drooping eyelids, descending motor loss with flaccid paralysis, speech and swallowing difficulties and breathing difficulties
other infections - what organism cause meliodosis infection and is known as the vietnamese time bomb?
burkholderia pseudomallei
other infections - how does leptospirosis (involves rodents) spread?
urine of infected animals
other infections - leptospirosis clinical features?
jaundice and red eyes
other infections - what is the serious health implication of toxoplasmosis ( from cat shit) ?
mother to child - congenital
- miscarriage
- still born child
- the child can have toxoplasmosis signs
other infections - intestinal roundworms how to diagnose?
ova, cyst and parasite - stool
IPC - types of transmission?
contact, droplet and airborne - standard precautions
IPC - what is standard precaution?
first tier of infection control
reduces the risk of transmission of blood-borne and other pathogens
IPC - what does green and canvas linen trolley means?
for normal soiled linen
IPC - what does orange linen trolley mean?
grossly blood contaminated linen
IPC - what does red linen trolley mean?
water-soluble bag - linen from SARS,COVID 19 etc cases
IPC - for contact precaution what do u do? isolation
single bed or cohort cubicle - MRSA, vre or cprcre
IPC - for droplet precaution what do u do? isolation
single bed - influenza, mumps, rubella
IPC - for airborne precaution what do u do? isolation
single and negative pressure room - measles, chicken pox, tb
IPC - for protective precaution what do u do? isolation
single bed and positive pressure room - severely immunocompromised
IPC - for full precaution what do u do? isolation
single bed and negative pressure - HCID
a pregnant mum, giving birth to a stillborn baby.
before delivery -
Mum was experiencing fever and flu-like symptoms, 2 wks after consuming ‘farm-to-table, all-natural’ unpasteurized milk. what pathogen caused this?
listeria monocytogenes
common organism for all 3 conditions of brain abscess, liver abscess, and endocarditis is?
alpha haem strep
staph aureus can cause?
toxic shock syndrome
a 55-year-old renal transplant patient with suspected bacterial meningitis, after consuming deli meat? what organism it is? deli meat - listeria
listeria monocytogenes
important gram neg strict anaerobe, GI surgeons antibiotic Regime always cover this and it is found in the Gi tract?
Bacteroides fragillia
UTI - what are the types of UTI?
cystitis - bladder downwards infection
polynephritis - kidney upwards infection
catheter-associated UTI
UTI - what is the diagnosis tests done for cystitis?
midstream urine culture
bag urine and suprapubic urine - for children
catheter sample
UTI - what are the diagnosis tests done for polynephritis?
midstream urine culture
bag urine and suprapubic urine - for children
catheter sample
blood culture - if septic
UTI - what are the organisms involved in UTI (KEEPP Candida)?
gram negative
klebsiella pnuemoniae
e-coli - commonest
enterobacter
proteus - associated with kidney stone
pseudomonas aeruginosa
fungi - candida
UTI - why is there fungi ( candida) present?
due to antibiotic exposure
UTI - what is the treatment for cystitis and CAUTI?
PO antibiotics - 3-7 days
UTI - what is the treatment for pyelonephritis?
IV antibiotics - 7-14days
UTI - what is asymptomatic bacteriuria?
the culture results is more than 100000 CFU/ml but the patient is asymptomatic - common in 65 years old and above. DO NOT TREAT WITH ANTIBIOTICS except pregnant women or patients undergoing procedures urological
UTI - who is given long-term antibiotic prophylaxis?
children with recurrent UTI and risk of renal scarring
patients who are frequently affected by UTI affecting quality fo life
RESPI - what are the 3 different types of pulmonary infections?
community-acquired pneumonia
hospital-acquired pneumonia
ventilator associated pneumonia
RESPI - what are the organisms associated with CAP?
streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenza
staph aureus
influenza - virus
RESPI - what are the organisms associated with HAP?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
MRSA
coliforms
RESPI - what are the organisms associated with VAP?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
MRSA
coliforms
RESPI - what are the samples to send?
sputum
endotracheal aspirate - ETA
bronchio alveolar lavage (BAL)
RESPI - if there is a high count of epithelial cells, this indicates the sample is poorly taken and the result is unreliable. true or false?
true
RESPI - what are the empirical antibiotic for CAP?
augmentin and ceftriaxone
RESPI - severe MRSA infection what IV is given?
IV vancomycin
RESPI - what are the tests performed?
gram stain, culture and sensitivity and PCR - as viral culture is not performed
SKIN - what organisms cause cellulitis/impetigo?
staph aureus
beta haemolytic strep
SKIN - what organisms cause erysipelas? - the face one
group a strep
SKIN - type 1 necrotizing fasciitis organism?
polymicrobial
SKIN - type 2 necrotizing fasciitis organism?
staph aureus
SKIN - gas gangrene caused by?
clostridium perifenges
SKIN - acute diabetic foot ulcer organism caused?
staph aureus or streptococci
SKIN - chronic diabetic foot ulcer organisms caused by?
gram neg or gram neg and pos
SKIN - infections such as septic arthritis/osteomyelitis/discitis organism caused?
staph aureus
