mid term 2

Question 1

Variables/control Definition of IV

Answer 1

An IV a variable that is manipulated in an experiment

Question 2

Variables/Control Definition of DV

Answer 2

A DV is a variable that is measured in an experiment

Question 3

4 types of IV

Answer 3

Physical Experiences in the Environment for People

Physiological - manipulate a biological state

Experience - amount/type of training/learning

Stimulus/environment - aspect of environment manipulated

Subject/Participant - aspect treated like IV (gender, age)

Question 4

4 types/measures of DV

Answer 4

The Correct Frequency is the Amount of Duration

Correctness - right/wrong

Rate/frequency - often

Degree/amount - (likert) how much

Latency/duration - how fast or how long something occurs

Question 5

What is the difference between a NUISANCE and a CONFOUND variable?

Answer 5

A nuisance variable is UNWANTED, affects ALL. Often about the participant (history, gender, physical characteristics, etc.). RANDOM

A confound is UNINTENDED, SYSTEMATIC, BETWEEN groups and INVALIDATES experiment. BIAS

Question 6

Best experimental controls (4)

Answer 6

1. Randomize
2. Elimination of specifical extraneous
3. Constancy of extraneous across groups if you can’t remove
4. Balancing of effect across all if can’t remove

Question 7

Carryover effect

Answer 7

EVENT influences next responses

Question 8

Order effect

Answer 8

Order POSITION affects responses

Question 9

How do you completely counterbalance an experiment?

Answer 9

1. Event is =# of times to participant
2. Event is =# of times each session
3. Event must precede and follow =# of times

Question 10

What does every observed score consist of?

Answer 10

True score (hypothetical) + Error (random, bias)

Question 11

Rosenthal effect

Answer 11

Experimenter expectancies: when expectancy influences participant scores.

Question 12

single blind study

Answer 12

when experimenter doesn’t know who is control/who is iv group

Question 13

pact of ignorance

Answer 13

Participant demand bias and good participant bias effect

Question 14

What is response set?

Answer 14

In response bias, when context affects the way participant responds; can be setting or questions.

In response bias, can also be social desirability.

Question 15

Sources of experimenter error and solutions

Answer 15

Random: noise, temp,time

Solutions for random: Standardize, balancing

Bias: (1) Experimenter characteristics

Solutions for 1: Standardize, balancing, replicate

Bias: (2) Experimenter expectations

Solutions for 2: Standardize, objective coding, single blind

Question 16

Sources of Participant error and solutions

Answer 16

Random: careless, distracted

Solution: clear instruction, exp emphasis on accuracy

Bias (1) Demand: something about the study or questions cue the participant

Solution: Double Blind

Bias(2) Good participant effect: participant behaves like they think researcher wants

Solution: Deception

Bias (3) Response: yay/nay: always answer yes or no

Solution: random question order, include a reverse score question

Bias (4) Response set: bias of context

Solution: Pilot, review questions and setting

Question 17

Sources of Observer error and solutions

Answer 17

Random: careless, distracted

Solution: use mechanical

Scorer bias: confirmatory - see what they want to see

Solution: mechanical, observable behaviors**, standard coding, make blind

Question 18

What is construct validity?

Answer 18

Measure what you mean to measure to prove/disprove hypothesis

Question 19

4 criteria for construct validity plus 1

Answer 19

1. Reliability: test retest, inter rater/observer, internally consistent
2. Content: questions capture all aspects of construct
3. Convergent: do aspects correlate?
4. Discriminant: things not the same should look different, do not measure high on opposing measures
5. ALSO, sensitivity

Question 20

How do I increase reliability, content V, convergent V, discriminant V?

Answer 20

Reliability: % that retest and interrater repeat, add more questions/check validity of questions

Content: have all dimensions and large enough set

Convergent: look at similar measures, known groups, other indicators

Discriminant: check for the disjointed answer patterns

Question 21

How do I check sensitivity of measure?

Answer 21

Don’t restrict range, avoid all or nothing questions, add scale, do a pilot

Question 22

Why do non experimental study?

Answer 22

Natural setting

Where manipulation not feasible

Establish association before experimenting

Rich data

Question 23

How are experimental and non-experimental different?, why do non experiment

Answer 23

In non, there is no manipulation of IV

In non can compare size of association

In non, can predict/make selections (GRE)

In non, can study behaviour change over time

In exp, can prove cause and effect

In non, can only correlate.

Question 24

5 types of DESCRIPTIVE studies

Answer 24

Archival

Case

Natural observation

Clinical observation

Participant observation

Question 25

3 challenges with observational studies

Answer 25

1. hawthorne effect (reactive participant)
2. high on external validity, low internal
3. objectivity of observer

Question 26

methods of non experimental research

Answer 26

Descriptive studies (archive, case, observational)

Descriptive (Survey/Questionairre, tests/inventories)

Question 27

What is descriptive research?

Answer 27

What % of population have particular:

characteristics

beliefs

behaviour

(uses a representative sample)

Question 28

What can go wrong in surveys/polling?

Answer 28

Sample bias

Self selection bias

Question 29

Survey: Analytic

What does it do?

How do you operationalize?

Answer 29

Determines relevant variables and how they are related

Operationalize:

1. What are the relevant variables for content validity for each construct?
2. How are they related?

Question 30

Steps in developing a survey

Answer 30

1. how to administer (mail, phone, in person)
2. develop response method (yes/no, forced alternative, mc, Likert, open end)
3. develop questions: clear, concise, appropriate level
4. pilot
5. revise
6. instructions

Question 31

Why use tests/inventories?

What are the 3 research strategies?

Answer 31

Assess subjective attributes/abilities

Single strata, cross section, longitudinal