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health and healing 3 > mid term 2 > Flashcards

mid term 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

A 
Body weight 
Personal cancer history 
Physical activity 
Family cancer history and genetics 
Alcohol use
 Early menstruation and late menopause 
Smoking 
Breast density 
Exposure to hormones: the Pill, IVF, and HRT
Breast conditions 
Pregnancy and breastfeeding 
Radiation exposure
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2
Q

diagnosis of breast cancer

A
  • self exam
  • clinical exam
  • breast awareness
  • mamogram
  • ultrasound
  • fine-needle biopsy
  • core biopsy
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3
Q

self exam

A

performed monthly after period

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4
Q

clinical exam

A

annual check up

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5
Q

breast awareness

A

aware of changes in breast; dimpling, drooping, puckering, pain, redness, change in shape

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6
Q

ultrasound

A

used to determine lump present and to locate lump for needle biopsy

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7
Q

needle biopsy

A

removes cells from breast lump

syringe aspirates cells to be analysed, cannot determine if cancer is invasive

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8
Q

Core biopsy

A

removes a sample of affected cells and tissue surrounding the lump, is able to determine if cancer invasive

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9
Q

Surgical biopsy

A

an operation that removes breast tissue and may remove the lump with some surrounding tissue

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10
Q

situ breast cancer

A

noninvasive breast cancer that remains in milk ducts or lobules of breast

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11
Q

invasive breast cancer

A

starts in milk ducts and breaks thru to surrounding breast tissue

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12
Q

inflammatory breast cancer

A

rare, s/s = red, swollen, warm, pitted, orange-like texture, may become hard, itchy, tender

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13
Q

Staging

A

TNM = tumour (size), Nodes (# and size affected), Metastasis (any)

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14
Q

tumor

A

T1= 0-2cm
T2= 2-5cm
T3=>5cm
T4= ulcerating or fixed

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15
Q

Nodes

A 
N-0= nodes test negative
N-1 = nodes are positive
N-3= nodes are large
N-4= nodes are near collarbone
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16
Q

metastasis

A

M-0=none

M-1= any

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17
Q

Stage 1

A

small tumour with no nodes and no mets

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18
Q

Stage 2

A

tumour size less than 5cm with +nodes

19
Q

Stage 3 (no metastasis)

A

any tumour with large nodes, nodes near collarbone and no mets. or >5cm tumour with + nodes, no mets,

20
Q

Stage 4 (mets)

A

anysize tumour with mets

21
Q

treatments

A

surgery= lumpectomy, mastectomy, radical mastectomy

radiation therapy, chemo therapy, hormone therapy

22
Q

• Sodium

A

135 to 145 mmol/L
Hypernatremia < 135(low body sodium) symptoms: hypotension, irritability, confusion, tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, weight loss.
Causes:
• Excessive water intake
• Diarrhea, vomiting, burns
Hypernatremia >145 can be life threatening hypovolemic= symptoms: intense thirst, hypotension
• Sweating , diabetes insipidus, impaired thirst/or restricted water intake

23
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5 mmol/L
Hyperkalemia (high)= acute renal failure, Addison’s disease, dehydration, diabetic ketoacidosis, excessive dietary/IV intake, massive tissue destruction either trauma or metabolic dying cells lyse releasing potassium into the blood stream (burns)
Symptoms; anxiety, diarrhea, weakness, paresthesia (prickling, tingling of skin), irregular pulse, cardiac arrest if sudden or severe.
Hypokalemia: Cushing’s disease, severe diarrhea, deficient dietary, starvation, vomiting.
Symptoms: leg cramps, fatigue, soft flabby muscles, weak irregular pulse, hyperglycemia, polyuria.

24
Q

Chloride

A

95-105 mmol/L
It helps keep the amount of fluid inside and outside of your cells in balance. It also helps maintain proper blood volume, blood pressure, and pH of your body fluids.
High level Causes:
• Loss of fluids due to vomiting, diarrhea, sweating (dehydration)
• Kidney failure, diabetes insipidus, corticosteroids, diuretics
Symptoms: dizziness, diabetics may have high sugar levels.
Low level causes: Addison’s disease, diarrhea, over hydration, vomiting Drugs - bicarbonate, corticosteroids, diuretics, laxatives

25
Q

Creatinine

A

43-133 mcmol/L
Chemical waste
Increased levels represent renal failure, reliable indicator of kidney function. Raised creatinine level indicates the kidneys unable to poor elimination/clearance.

26
Q

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)

A

3.6 - 7.1
Your liver produces ammonia — which contains nitrogen — after it breaks down proteins used by your body’s cells.
• The nitrogen combines with other elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, to form urea, which is a chemical waste product.
• The urea travels from your liver to your kidneys through your bloodstream.
• Healthy kidneys filter urea and remove other waste products from your blood.
BUN levels rise if kidneys are unable to remove urea.
Increased level Caused by:
• CHF/poor renal perfusion
• Impaired renal function
• Dehydration
• Shock
• Excessive protein intake or protein catabolism
Decreased BUN
• Liver failure (not breaking down protein)
• Malnutrition
• Anabolic steroid use
• Pregnancy due to increased plasma volume

27
Q

Glucose

A

• 3.6-6 mmol/L
The pancreas releases insulin into the blood, based upon the blood sugar level. Insulin helps move glucose from digested food enter into cells.
Signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia would include: polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia, weight loss/gain with increased and longer lasting infections due to poor peripheral perfusion leading to neuropathies and blurred vision The signs/symptoms of hypoglycemia include; hunger, shakiness, slurred speech, diaphoresis, confusion, tachycardia, weakness, headache, blurry vision, irritability. In extreme cases coma or seizure can occur that can lead to death.

28
Q

Pain OPQRST

A
  • O=onset
  • P=provocative
  • Q=quality or quantitiy
  • R=Region or radiation
  • S=severity scale
  • T=timing
  • U=understanding perceptions
29
Q

Pattern of pain

A

onset and duration
intensity= scale 0-10
characteristics = burning, cold, crushing, stabbing, sharp,
effects of pain on ADL

30
Q

Drug therapy for pain

A

schedulced analgesics with focus on prevention and control

fast acting drugs for break thru pain. never play catch up with pain relief.

31
Q

analgesic ladder

Mild Pain 1-3

A

NSAIDS, non-opioid analgesics (aspirin)

have ceiling= increased dose does not = increased pain relief

32
Q

Mild to moderate pain 4-6

A

persists even with non-opioid analgesics

step 2 drugs = morphine like (codeine, oxycodone)

33
Q

Moderate to severe 7-10

A

when step 2 drugs ineffective
no analgesic ceiling
morphine

34
Q

Adjuvant analgesic therapy

A

increases pain relief when used with opioids and non-opioids by: enhancing effects of 1st drug, possess analgesic properties also, counteract side effects of 1st drug

35
Q

Adjuvant analgesic therapy includes:

A

antidepressants, antiseizure, corticosteroids

36
Q

Persistent pain results in

A

depression, sleep disturbances, decreased mobility, social role dysfunction

37
Q

Age related considerations to pain management

A

metabolize drugs more slowly
risk of gi bleeds with NSAIDs
interactions due to x drugs

38
Q

hyperosmolar= acute dehydration can lead to acute kidney failure.

A

high concentration of glucose in the blood, life threatening condition similar to DKA
both treated with insulin and fluid/electrolyte replacement.

39
Q

Fast acting insulin

A

absorbed quickly and used to control spike in blood sugar during meals and snacks.
also used to treat elevated blood sugar

40
Q

intermediate lasting insulin

A

absorbed more slowly,used to control blood sugar between meals and overnight

41
Q

long acting insulin

A

absorbed slowly with minimal peak, plateau effect that lasts most of day, night or between meals

42
Q

Acute Renal failure

A

rapid onset due to infection, injury,(uti infection), dehydration (excessive vomiting, diarrhea), diuretic therapy, heart failure, hypovolemia. treated with fluids.
monitor in and out of fluids

43
Q

Chronic kidney disease

not likely to be reversed

A

manifests= electrolyte imbalance

44
Q

Warning signs of kidney disease

diabetics, high blood pressure, relatives with disease

A

high blood pressure, puffiness of eyes, hands, feet, bloody, cloudy, tea colour urine, protein in urine, foaming of urine, frequent urination/ less urination output, difficulty urinating, fatigue.

health and healing 3 (2 decks)

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