mid term 2 Flashcards
EYE - what is conjunctivitis?
red eye
EYE - what are the pathogens involved - virus
adenovirus
EYE - what are the pathogens involved - bacteria
Staph aureus
Strep pnuemoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
N gonorrhoea
EYE - what are the pathogens involved - fungi
chlamydia or candida (keratitis)
EYE - what are the pathogens involved - parasite
microsporidia - from the soil
EYE - keratitis infection of the cornea can cause blindness. true or false?
true
ENT (POEMS)- what are the pathogens involved in pharyngitis (sore throat)?
common - virus
2nd common - group A streptococcus
ENT (POEMS)- what are the pathogens involved in Otitis externa (infection of the external auditory canal)?
staph aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa
ENT (POEMS)- what are the pathogens involved in Otitis media?
streptococcus pneomuniae and Haemophilus influenzae
what is the complication of ottitis media?
mastoiditis
ENT (POEMS)- what are the pathogens involved in sinusitis?
streptococcus pneomuniae and Haemophilus influenzae
group a streptococcus infection complications are?
rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
BS - definition of bacteremia?
bacteria in the blood stream
BS - what is SIRS?
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an exaggerated defense response of the body to a noxious stressor
BS - What is septicemia?
blood poisoning by bacteria
BS - what are the sepsis steps?
SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock
BS - what are the consequences of septicaemia?
mortality
metastatic infection
BS - is a positive blood culture important?
yes
BS - why is the aseptic technique important for blood culture collection?
contaminated blood culture results can lead to patients being treated with antibiotics unnecessarily, longer hospital stays, and might lead to hospital-acquired infection
BS - line or not line-associated bacteremia how many blood cultures to take?
2 sets of blood cultures
BS- rare infection from a line related infection?
endocarditis
BS - what are the complications of endocarditis?
congestive cardiac failure
stroke
brain abscess
BS - sample to send for endocarditis?
3 blood culture 10ml each before antibiotics
BS - what are the pathogens involved in endocarditis?
staphylococci, streptococci, and candida
CNS - what is blood brain barrier?
protect CNS from pathogens and prevent entry of antibiotics
CNS - 2 types of infection
meningitis and encephalitis
CNS - is bacterial meningitis a medical emergency?
yes
CNS - for meningitis where is the infection at?
meninges
CNS - for the encephalitis where is the infection at?
cerebral cortex
CNS - if the csf gram stain is negative what does it mean?
it means its a preliminary result and to wait for the culture results to come to confirm
CNS - what are the pathogens for bacterial meningitis?
Neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
CNS - what is the most common route for pathogens to invade the meninges?
bacteraemia
CNS - bacterial meningitis prevention?
vaccination against the pathogens
CNS - is viral meningitis very common?
yes
CNS - viral encephalitis caused by?
HSV 1 and HSV 2
CNS - what is the microbiology lab diagnosis for viral encephalitis?
CSF PCR
CNS - early detection of HSV is important why?
can be treated with aciclovir
TB- What is the microbiology of MTB (mycobacterium tuberculosis )
acid-fast aerobic bacilli (AFB)- TB have no gram staining
TB - who is at increased risk of having MTB?
HIV patients
Immunocompromised
Intense exposure
Homeless
Alcoholics
Very young people
Elderly people
Malnutrition
Iv drug users
Immigrants from developing countries
Prison inmates
TB - how does TB spread?
droplet nuclei - coughing, sneezing or talking
TB - people with latent TB infection (LTBI) asymptomatic and non -infectious. true or false?
true
TB - active TB disease is symptomatic and have clinical signs?
yes
TB - for active TB what are the microbiology tests and histopathology done?
- early morning sputum - at least 2
- nasogastric aspirate
- urine AFB culture (renal TB)
- CSF
- biopsy - lymph nodes/ bone
TB - how long does active TB culture reuslts to be out?
15-20hrs or special culture media take up to 8 weeks
TB - what other tests are done as a rapid test for the presence of TB and drug resistance?
pcr
HIV - mode of transmission?
bloodborne or contact between damaged skin
HIV - which immune cell type is attacked by HIV?
CD4 T cells in the lymph nodes
HIV - over time HIV can lead to?
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
HIV - diagnosis?
antibody and p24 antigen combined screening test
HIV - is there treatment?
HAART - highly active antiretroviral therapy
DENGUE - clinical presentation?
50% asymptomatic
fever with mild or non specific symptoms
symptomatic dengue
DENGUE - clinical phases of dengue?
febrile, critical and recovery phase
DENGUE - in the critical phase there is an increasing hematocrit levels. true or false?
true
DENGUE - warning signs?
nausea vomiting
abdominal pain
hematocrit result increase
platelet count decrease
DENGUE - severe dengue what are the criteria or s/s?
severe plasma leakage
severe haemorrhage
severe organ impairment
DENGUE - in severe dengue pulse pressure is important cannot be less than 20 mmhg - systolic-diastolic. true or false
true
DENGUE - what are the blood tests done?
white cell count
baseline hematocrit levels
platelet
DENGUE - diagnostic tests?
PCR to look for dengue virus - FBC BLOOD TUBE
serum for POCT (DENGUE DUO)
VIROLOGY - hep a is it self limiting?
yes
VIROLOGY - hep a transmission?
fecal-oral, food borne, waterborne and sexually trasmitted
VIROLOGY - hep a have vaccine?
yes
VIROLOGY - Is hep b self-limiting?
no. chronic infection
VIROLOGY - hep b transmission?
person to person, blood and blood products, iv drug users, sexually transmitted, other body fluids
VIROLOGY - hep b vaccine?
yes
VIROLOGY - hep c self limiting?
no chronic infection
VIROLOGY - hep c transmission?
-person to person
-blood and blood products
-IV drug abuse
-sexually transmitted (rare)
-high risk with HIV patients
VIROLOGY - hep c vaccination?
no
VIROLOGY - hep e self limiting?
yes
VIROLOGY - hep e trasnmission?
-fecal-oral route
-only in developing countries
VIROLOGY - hep e vaccine?
no
