Mid-term Flashcards
Nutrition definition
The process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health and growth.
2019 leading causes of death:
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Stroke
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (lung)
X/10 causes of death were NCDs
7
3/15 risk factors for early death that were dietary:
- High sodium
- Low whole grain
- Low legume
Mortality risk factors:
- High sodium
- Low whole grain
- Low fruit
Morbidity risk factors:
- Low whole grain
- High sodium
- Low fruit
NSPs
Non-starch polysaccharides.
Main component of fibre eg. cellulose.
Resistance starch
Type of fibre that can’t be digested
Fibre in NZ comes from:
- Breads
- Veg
- Potatoes etc
Fibre:
Resists digestion and absorption,
Promotes either laxation, reduction in cholesterol, or modulation of blood glucose.
FODMAPs
Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols
High GI
> 70
Med GI
56-69
Low GI
<55
Prevalence of IBS
5-10%
Prevalence of lactose intolerance
8%
Indispensable amino acids:
9
Dispensable amino acids:
5
Conditionally dispensable amino acids:
6
PDCAAS
Protein digestability corrected amino acid score
Primary:
Linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary:
Hydrogen bonding
Tertiary:
Final shape
Quaternary:
Multiple polypeptide chains assembled to form protein complex
Legumes low in:
Methionine and tryptophan
Grains low in:
Lysine, threonine and tryptophan
Veg low in:
Methionine and isoleucine
Nuts and seeds low in:
Lysine and isoleucine
Amino acids transported to liver by:
Hepatic portal vein
Four fates of amino acids:
Made into proteins, dispensable amino acids, and other compounds, or used for energy
Healthy plant based diet can increase:
K, Mg and Se
Vitamins C and E and phytochemicals
SCFAs
2-6 C
MCFAs
8-12 C
LCFAs
> 14 C
VLCFAs
> 22 C
Most fatty acids have X C
10-22
Dives
Lipoproteins that transport fats to liver and cells
Digestion of fats occurs:
In small intestine
VLDL formed:
In the liver
VLDL function:
Delivers lipids to cells
VLDL turns to LDL when:
Cells accept lipids
LDL function:
Delivers lipids to cells or liver
HDL produced in:
Liver
HDL function:
Picks up cholesterol from cells and transports it back to liver for excretion
Total blood cholesterol:
10% VLDL
65% LDL
25% HDL
Dyslipidemia:
Elevated levels of cholesterol or triglycerides or low levels of HDL
Supplements to mimic keto:
Exogenous ketones or MCTs
MEOS
Microsomal ethanol-oxidising system
Feel well
> 0.05
Risky state
0.05-0.08
Dangerous state
0.08-0.15
Drunken stupor
0.2-0.4
Death
0.45-0.6
DEE
Thermic effect of food
Resting metabolism:
60%
Exercise:
32%
Thermic effect:
8%
Liver produces glucose:
Hepatic gluconeogenesis
Insulin released by:
Beta cells in Islet of Langerhan in pancreas
Liver:
- filters toxins
- synthesises proteins
- processes nutrients
- stores energy
- produces bile
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Duodenum
Breaks down partially digested food with bile and pancreatic juices
Common bile duct
Carries bile from liver and gallbladder to small intestine
Cecum
Beginning of colon. Absorbs water and salts
Cholesystokinin
Stimulates digestion of lipids and proteins
