Mid term Flashcards
Which of the following is true of health inequity in Canada?
a) Canadian youth report higher happiness scores, and lower poverty than most developed countries
b) Homelessness concerns adult males more than any other population group
c) Poor health outcomes seen in high-risk populations that are not seen in other populations
d) Adolescent girls from low-income families should be prioritized for STI prevention and treatment
D
The issues unique to Indigenous people in Canada are important for nurses to acknowledge and address in maternal and child health services. Which of the following would be considered relevant for the nurse to be aware of? (select all that apply)
a) the average age of the Indigenous population is approximately a decade older than the non-indigenous population
b) Indigenous people have their own cultural and health beliefs that need to be considered when planning care
c) Health inequities exist within the Indigenous population due to their knowledge gap regarding healthy lifestyles
d) Residential schools disconnected children from their families and language
e) Indigenous-led healing and health practices are key to promoting Indigenous health and reconciliation
b, d, e
A nurse is caring for a family whose mother has been diagnosed with a high-risk pregnancy due to maternal morbidity. During a family meeting, the husband expresses feelings of anxiety and uncertainty about the future. The nurse understands that this situation is best described as:
a) a maturational crisis
b) a situational crisis
c) a developmental crisis
d) a psychosocial adjustment
b
Which of the following scenarios qualifies as a maternal death as per the definition provided by the World Health Organization (WHO)
a) a woman dies in a car accident three days after giving birth
b) a woman dies due to a chronic medical condition unrelated to her pregnancy 6 days after delivering her baby
c) a woman dies from a workplace accident while 8 months pregnant
d) a woman dies from complications of preeclampsia one day after delivery
d
A 25-year-old patient asks the nurse during their prenatal visit “Is pregnancy bad for my health?” Which of the following responses by the nurse demonstrates accurate information?
a) “Pregnancy is always detrimental to health”
b) “Pregnancy is generally not harmful to health but can present risks for certain individuals”
c) “Pregnancy has no impact on a person’s health regardless of their medical history”
d) “Pregnancy is bad for health and should be avoided whenever possible”
b
A nurse is educating a group of expectant parents about pregnancy complications. Which of the following definitions best describes a stillbirth?
a) a preterm infant born before 37 weeks of gestation showing no signs of life.
b) an infant who dies within 24 hours of birth, with a gestational age of at least 20 weeks
c) An infant who died in utero and at birth demonstrates no signs of life, such as breathing, heartbeat, or voluntary muscle movements, with a birth weight greater than 500g or gestational age of 20 weeks or more
d) A newborn weighing less than 500 g at birth who shows no signs of life and is born before 20 weeks of gestation
c
A newborn presents with respiratory distress shortly after the baby was born at 41 weeks of gestation, and the amniotic fluid was noted to be green-stained during delivery. Which historical or mythical references might best represent the journey for this condition.
a) hercules and the hydra
b) prometheus and the fire
c) persephone and the seasons
d) jason and the golden fleece
d
A public health nurse is working with a low-income family in a community with high infant mortality rates. The mother has a low level of education and is expecting her first child. Based on the social determinants of health, which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize to address potential inequalities in infant mortality? Select all that apply:
a) Provide education on prenatal nutrition and proper infant care
b) Refer the family to social support services, such as housing and financial assistance programs
c) discuss the importance of regular prenatal care and assist in accessing healthcare providers
d) emphasize the importance of obtaining a high school diploma to improve long-term health outcomes
e) advocate for policies to reduce healthcare costs for low-income families
a, b, c
A nurse is providing preconception counselling to a 38-year-old woman. Which of the following statements indicates the patient understands the potential risks associated with conceiving at an older age?
a) “My baby is at a lower risk for developing chromosomal abnormalities because of my age”
b) “I have the same risk for chromosomal abnormalities in my baby as a woman in their 20s”
c) “My age increases the risk of my baby having chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome”
d) “There is no relationship between my age and the risk of chromosomal abnormalities in my baby”
c
A nurse is providing care for an indigenous woman living in an underserved area. Which of the following actions should the nurse prioritize to ensure culturally safe and effective care?
a) encourage the patient to adapt to mainstream healthcare practices
b) provide access to telehealth services to minimize travel for healthcare
c) focus solely on addressing medical needs, leaving cultural factors to the patient
d) collaborate with Indigenous midwives and community leaders to support care
d
A public health nurse is working to improve maternal health outcomes for Indigenous families in a remote community. Which intervention aligns with reducing barriers to care?
a) provide financial incentives for families to relocate closer to healthcare facilities
b) increase the availability of culturally safe sexual and reproductive services
c) advocate for more frequent medical evacuations for births in remote areas
d) encourage families to adopt a diet of available processed foods when healthy options are unavailable
b
A nurse is providing prenatal care for a pregnant patient experiencing homelessness. The patient expresses fear of undergoing gynecological procedures due to past trauma. Which nursing strategy is most appropriate to address the patient’s concern?
a) schedule the patient for a procedure without further discussion to ensure timely care
b) provide detailed educational materials about gynecological procedures to address misconceptions
c) utilize trauma- and violence-informed care principles to create a safe and supportive environment
d) refer the patient to a social worker without discussing concerns further
c
A nurse is educating a group of healthcare professionals about procedures involving the removal or injury of external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. Which statement indicates a need for further education?
a) “Type 1, also known as clitoridectomy, involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris”
b) “Type 3, referred to as infibulation, includes the narrowing of the vaginal opening by sealing it”
c) “Female genital cutting (FGC) is a medical procedure performed to improve reproductive health”
d) “FGC violates fundamental human rights, including the right ot health and physical integrity”
c
A nurse is educating a community group about human trafficking. Which of the following statements by a participant indicates a need for further teaching?
a) “Human trafficking is a serious crime that exists in Canada and internationally”
b) “Women and children are the most common victims of human trafficking”
c) “Victims of human trafficking are often forced into labour, sex work, or even organ donation”
d) “Human trafficking primarily occurs only in developing countries, not in developed ones like Canada”
d
Which of the following activities is a primary role of Health Canada in maternal and child health?
a) providing direct patient care in clinical settings
b) developing policies and programs for maternal and child health
c) regulating hospital staffing requirements
d) administering individual health insurance plans
b
A 42-year-old woman asks the nurse about mammograms, now that she is “getting older”. The nurse should tell her that:
a) the Canadian Cancer Society recommends mammograms every 2 to 3 years for women ages 50-59
b) the frequency of mammograms increases in women ages 70 to 74
c) clinical breast examination will be done in conjunction with mammograms in all adult women
d) she may begin receiving annual mammograms now
a
A nurse working in a community health clinic suspects that one of the clients is a victim of human trafficking. Which of the following would be appropriate for the nurse to do? (select all that apply)
a) Assess for tattoos on the client’s body
b) Consider the client’s support person: do they stay the entire time? Do they speak for the client?
c) Look for an unusual rash on the client
d) attempt to arrange for the client to be alone for a brief period
a,b, d
The women’s health nurse knows which barriers contribute to some women accessing and receiving health care? (Select all that apply)
a) limited finances
b) sexual orientation
c) substance abuse
d) genetic factors
e) language differences
a, b, e
During the preconception phase, the nurse should teach about which infectious diseases as risk factors for maternal complications? (select all that apply)
a) diabetes
b) rubella
c) hepatitis B
d) anemia
e) HIV/AIDS
b, c, e
A 52-year-old client experiencing menopause reports hot flashes and night sweats. Which of the following interventions should the nurse recommend first?
a) increase the intake of caffeine to improve energy
b) use lightweight clothing and bedding
c) Take HRT without consulting a healthcare provider
d) Engage in vigorous exercise right before bed
b
A client undergoing menopause is concerned about the risk of osteoporosis. Which dietary recommendation should the nurse provide?
a) increase protein intake to build bone density
b) limit calcium intake to avoid kidney stones
c) ensure adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
d) reduce dairy consumption to maintain hormonal balance
c
A nurse is educating a group of women about the cycle of intimate partner violence (IPV). Which phase of the cycle is characterized by a temporary period of calm, affection, and apologies from the abuser, often convincing the victim to stay in the relationship?
a) tension-building phase
b) Honeymoon phase
c) Acute battering incident
d) escalation phase
b
A nurse is attending a professional development seminar on maternal health equity in Canada. The speaker discusses the concept of a “colour-blind approach” in the Canadian health care system. Which of the following statements by the nurse indicates a correct understanding of this approach?
A. “A colour-blind approach ensures that health care policies are race-neutral, which eliminates health disparities in racialized communities.”
B. “By not collecting race-based health data, the colour-blind approach effectively prevents racial discrimination in health care settings.”
C. “The colour-blind approach assumes that treating all patients the same will lead to equitable health outcomes, but this often overlooks systemic barriers faced by racialized communities.”
D. “Canada’s colour-blind approach prioritizes targeted interventions for Indigenous and Black populations to address historical health inequities.”
c
A nurse is providing prenatal education to a group of Black pregnant women in Canada. Which statement by one of the participants indicates the need for further teaching about racial disparities in perinatal health outcomes?
A. “Black women in Canada have higher rates of maternal mortality compared to White women.”
B. “Systemic racism does not affect how Black women receive maternity care in Canada.
C. ”Black women are at higher risk for preterm birth and low birth weight infants.”
D. ”Culturally appropriate perinatal care can help improve health outcomes for Black mothers and their babies.
b
A nurse is assessing a Black pregnant woman during a prenatal visit. The woman expresses concerns about difficulties accessing timely perinatal care. Which social determinant of health is most likely contributing to disparities in perinatal health outcomes for Black women in Canada?
A. Genetic predisposition to pregnancy complications
B. Limited cultural competency among health care providers
C. Personal lifestyle choices that impact pregnancy health
D. Equal access to high-quality prenatal care for all women in Canada
b
A nurse is educating a group of nursing students about the historical impact of systemic racism on reproductive health care for Black women in North America.Which of the following statements by a student indicates a need for further teaching?
”A. The history of gynecology includes unethical experimentation on Black women without consent or anesthesia.”
B. ”Systemic racism in healthcare is a thing of the past and does not impact maternal health disparities today.”
C. “James Marion Sims conducted surgical procedures on enslaved Black women without pain management.”
D. “Racial biases in healthcare continue to contribute to higher maternal mortality rates among Black women.
b
A nurse is caring for a Black pregnant patient who expresses concerns that her pain is being dismissed by the healthcare team. Which of the following nursing interventions is the most appropriate to address systemic racism and provide trauma- and violence-informed care?
A. Encourage the patient to be more assertive about her pain so the healthcare team takes it seriously.
B. Reassure the patient that healthcare providers treat all patients equally, regardless of race.
C. Explain that some pain variations exist due to biological differences between racial groups.
D. Advocate for the patient by documenting her pain concerns, requesting appropriate pain management, and ensuring equitable treatment
d
A Black mother expresses concerns to the nurse about how systemic racism affects her ability to access adequate prenatal care. She states, “I feel like no one listens to me when I bring up my pain.” Based on the concept of Black Motherwork, which nursing intervention is most appropriate?
A. Reassure the patient that pain perception varies and offer emotional support.
B. Encourage the patient to advocate for herself by speaking up about her symptoms.
C. Validate the patient’s concerns and advocate for equitable, trauma- and violence-informed care.
D. Explain that providers treat all patients equally and that race does not affect care.
c
A nurse is conducting a postpartum assessment for a Black mother who experienced birth trauma due to medical neglect. The patient expresses feelings of distress, isolation, and fear for her baby’s future, stating, “I feel like I have to fight for everything alone.” Which nursing action is most appropriate?
A. Assess for signs of postpartum depression and provide culturally tailored mental health resources.
B. Encourage the patient to focus on the positive aspects of her birth experience.
C. Refer the patient to a support group for new mothers, emphasizing that all new mothers feel overwhelmed.
D. Explain that medical complications are common and suggest focusing on healing.
a
A community health nurse is working with a support group for African American adolescent mothers. One of the young mothers shares that her aunt, who is not her biological mother, plays a significant role in raising her child by providing emotional support, child care, and guidance. The nurse recognizes this as an example of which caregiving practice?
A. Fictive Kinship
B. Co-Parenting
C. Othermothering
D. Surrogate Parenting
c
A nurse is assessing the social support systems of a young, single mother from a historically marginalized community. The mother explains that her grandmother and a close family friend frequently help with child care, discipline, and emotional support. How should the nurse interpret this family dynamic?
A. It may indicate a lack of parental responsibility and should be discouraged.
B. It represents a form of extended family support known as othermothering, which can promote resilience and well-being.
C. It suggests the presence of a legal guardian arrangement that must be clarified for child welfare.
D. It is a sign of dependence that may hinder the mother’s ability to parent effectively.
b
A pregnant Indigenous woman from a remote community in Northern Canada is being evacuated at 36 weeks gestation to give birth in a hospital over 500 kilometers away. She expresses anxiety about being separated from her family and community. What is the nurse’s priority intervention?
A. Reassure the client that the evacuation is necessary for a safe delivery.
B. Provide education on the medical benefits of hospital births.
C. Advocate for culturally appropriate supports and access to traditional birth practices.
D. Encourage the client to focus on her baby’s health and safety.
c
An Indigenous mother expresses concerns about feeling judged when accessing prenatal care services. She states,”I don’t want to go back because they don’t understand our ways.” Which nursing response demonstrates cultural safety?
A. “It’s important to follow standard prenatal guidelines to ensure a healthy pregnancy.””
B. “I understand your concerns, but the clinic follows the best evidence-based practices.”
C. “Can you tell me more about your concerns? I want to ensure your needs and traditions are respected.”
D. “Would you like me to schedule an appointment with a different provider?”
c
Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to lower prenatal care utilization among Indigenous mothers in Canada?
A. Language barriers
B. Geographic distance to health services
C. Lack of family support
D. Poor nutritional education
b
A nurse is educating new staff about Indigenous mothering practices.Which statement by a nurse requires further education?
A. “Indigenous mothering often emphasizes a strong connection to community and extended family.”
B “Traditional parenting practices, such as babywearing and storytelling, support bonding and cultural identity.”
C. “Indigenous parenting is outdated and does not align with modern evidence-based practices.”
D. “Historical trauma and systemic barriers have impacted Indigenous parenting experiences.”
c
An Indigenous mother who is a residential school survivor is hesitant about hospital birth due to past trauma. What is the best nursing approach?
A. Encourage the mother to follow hospital policies for the safety of the baby.
B. Ask about her specific concerns and explore options for a culturally safe birthing experience.
C. Reassure her that modern hospitals are different from past institutions.
D. Educate her on the importance of professional medical care for delivery.
b
A nurse is caring for an Indigenous mother who has recently given birth. The mother requests that her newborn remain close to her at all times and expresses concerns about being separated from the baby for routine assessments. What is the best response by the nurse?
A. “We have hospital policies in place that require newborns to be taken to the nursery for observation.”
B. “It is important for the baby to rest in the crib so that you can also get enough rest.”
C. “Would you like me to arrange a meeting with a social worker to discuss your
D. “Keeping your baby close is important in many Indigenous cultures. I will try to complete assessments in your room whenever possible.”
d
A postpartum Indigenous mother tells the nurse she plans to use a traditional medicine bundle to promote her baby’s health. What is the most appropriate nursing action?
A. Educate the mother on evidence-based medical practices and discourage traditional remedies.
B. Ask the mother about the significance of the medicine bundle and incorporate her beliefs into the plan of care.
C. Report the use of traditional healing practices to the healthcare provider as a potential safety concern.
D. Advise the mother that hospital policies do not allow personal items to be placed near the baby’s crib.
b
A nurse is discharging an Indigenous mother who expresses that she will be staying with her extended family for postpartum support. What is the best nursing response?
A. “It is best to care for your baby independently to strengthen your maternal bond.”
B. “Staying with family may cause distractions, so you should consider limiting visitors.
C. “That sounds like a great support system. Many Indigenous cultures value community care during the postpartum period.”
D. “You should ensure you have a quiet, private space to care for your baby alone.”
c
An Indigenous mother expresses concern about raising her child alone after experiencing intergenerational trauma. She states, “I don’t want to make the same mistakes my parents did.” What is the nurse’s best response?
A. “It’s important to focus on your own parenting style instead of thinking about the past.”
B. “Parenting is challenging, but if you try your best, your child will be fine.”
C. “You should consider counseling to help process your experiences before focusing on your baby.”
D. “Would you like me to connect you with an Elder or community support program that understands Indigenous parenting?
d
Which of the following best describes a health disparity faced by Indigenous women due to maternal evacuation policies?
A. Increased rates of preterm birth and medical interventions such as cesarean sections.
B. Decreased rates of perinatal depression and anxiety.
C. Higher access to culturally appropriate birthing practices.
D. Lower likelihood of experiencing birth trauma due to hospital-based deliveries.
a
A same-sex female couple is expecting a baby through assisted reproductive technology. They ask the nurse about their parental rights in Canada. Which response by the nurse is most accurate?
A. “Only the biological mother will be recognized as the legal parent unless the non-biological mother adopts the child.”
B. “In Canada, both parents can be legally recognized at birth without adoption in most provinces and territories.”
C. “You will need to go to court to establish parental rights after the child is born.”
D. ”Only one parent can have legal rights unless you are married before conception.”
b
A nurse is assessing a queer mother who expresses frustration about her experiences with healthcare providers assuming a heterosexual family structure. What is the best response by the nurse?
A. “It must be frustrating to feel invisible in health care. How can I ensure your family is fully supported?”
B. ”You can always correct the provider and explain your family structure.”
C. “Health care providers treat everyone the same, so I’m sure they didn’t mean any harm.”
D. “Most nurses are just not trained in LGBTQ+ family dynamics, but I’m sure it will get better.”
a
Which of the following health concerns are queer parents in Canada more likely to face compared to heterosexual parents? (Select all that apply.)
A. Higher levels of perinatal mental health concerns
B. Increased barriers to fertility services
C. Lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding
D. Decreased access to parental leave benefits
E. Higher rates of healthcare discrimination
a, b, e
A nurse is preparing an educational session for expectant LGBTQ+ parents. Which approach is most appropriate to ensure inclusivity?
A. Use gender-neutral language, such as “birthing parent” instead of “mother.”
B. Address all participants as “moms and dads” to include all parents.
C. Focus only on medical aspects of pregnancy and avoid discussing gender identity or sexual orientation.
D. Use traditional parenting models but reassure LGBTQ+ parents that they can adapt them to fit their family.
a
A nurse working in community health is counseling a queer couple about parental leave options in Canada. Which statement by the nurse is correct?
A. ”Only the birth parent is eligible for paid parental leave in Canada.”
B. “Parental leave benefits are available to both parents, regardless of gender or sexual orientation.”
C. “Same-sex couples are entitled to less leave than heterosexual couples.”
D. “Non-birth parents in same-sex relationships cannot access parental leave benefits.”
b
A nurse is assessing a pregnant client in the third trimester who presents with multiple bruises on her arms and reports frequent headaches. The client’s partner answers most of the questions and refuses to leave the room. What is the priority nursing action?
A. Document the bruising and continue the assessment.
B. Report suspected abuse to social services immediately.
C. Provide the client with educational materials on domestic violence.
D. Ask the partner to step out of the room for a private conversation.
d
A postpartum nurse is caring for a mother who discloses that she is in an abusive relationship and is afraid to return home with her newborn. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate?
A. “You need to leave the relationship for your child’s safety.”
B. “You should consider calling the police before you leave the hospital.”
C. “You are not alone, and there are resources available to help you.”
D. “Have you tried talking to your partner about stopping the abuse?
c
A nurse in a community clinic is providing care to a new mother who is a survivor of intimate partner violence (IPV). The client states, “I don’t want to report the abuse because I’m afraid my child will be taken away.” What is the nurse’s best response?
A. “As a nurse, I am legally required to report all cases of IPV.”
B. “You are right to be concerned. Child services may become involved if they believe your child is at risk.”
C. “Let’s talk about ways to keep you and your child safe, and I can connect you with resources.”
D. “You should report the abuse now so that you can get a restraining order.”
c
A nurse in a community clinic is providing care to a new mother who is a survivor of intimate partner violence (IPV). The client states, “I don’t want to report the abuse because I’m afraid my child will be taken away.” What is the nurse’s best response?
A. “As a nurse, I am legally required to report all cases of IPV.”
B. “You are right to be concerned. Child services may become involved if they believe your child is at risk.”
C. “Let’s talk about ways to keep you and your child safe, and I can connect you with resources.”
D. “You should report the abuse now so that you can get a restraining order.”
c
A nurse is assessing a postpartum client who has experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Which finding would require immediate intervention?
A. The client expresses feelings of guilt and shame about the abuse.
B. The client reports difficulty sleeping and frequent crying spells.
C. The client states, “I can’t do this anymore. My baby would be better off without me.”
D. The client is hesitant to accept referrals for community support services.
c
A nurse is admitting a patient who has a history of domestic violence and childhood trauma. Which of the following interventions is the priority when providing trauma- and violence-informed care?
A. Encouraging the patient to share their past trauma in detail
B. Ensuring the patient’s immediate physical and emotional safety
C. Requiring the patient to participate in a support group
D. Teaching the patient coping strategies before assessing their safety
b
A nurse is caring for a patient with a history of sexual assault who is hesitant to undergo a physical assessment. Which statement by the nurse aligns with trauma- and violence-informed care principles?
A. “I need to complete this assessment now for your safety.”
B. “You can refuse the exam, but it’s important to cooperate.”
C. “Would you like me to explain each step before I begin?”
D. “It’s best if we complete this quickly so you don’t feel anxious.”
c
A patient discloses to the nurse that they are experiencing ongoing intimate partner violence (IPV) but are afraid to leave. What is the nurse’s best response?
A. “You should leave immediately; I can call the police for you.”
B. ”I respect your decision and am here to support you in any way.”
C. “I can’t let you go home if you are in danger; I must report this.
D. “If you don’t leave now, the situation may get worse over time.”
b
A nurse is developing a care plan for a refugee woman who survived war-related trauma. Which action best demonstrates a trauma- and violence-informed approach?
A. Assuming the woman will need psychiatric care due to their history
B. Providing care that recognizes the woman’s unique cultural and trauma experiences
C. Encouraging the woman to talk about their trauma to promote healing
D. Avoiding discussions about the woman’s past to prevent re-traumatization
b
