mid term Flashcards
In 1879, in psychology’s first experiment, ___ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key
William Wundt
William James would be considered a(n)
Functionalist
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered
Structuralists
In the early twentieth century, ____ redefined psychology as the “science of observable behavior”
Abraham Maslow
Nature is to nurture as
Biology is to experience
A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely a
Clinical Psychologist
A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is
Psychiatrist
A psychologist conducting basic research to expand psychology’s knowledge base would be most likely to
observe 3- and 6- year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities
used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
Structuralism
Explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Functionalism
Who was a memory researcher, but denied her PhD in 1890?
Mary Calkins
1st women with psych in PhD and studied animal behavior?
Margaret Floy Washburn
Who emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior?
Frued
What did behaviorism dismiss?
Introspection
Watson and Rayner showed that fear could be learned. What theory did they belong to?
Behaviorism
BF skinner agued that consequences shape
Behavior
Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential – rejected behaviorism and Freudian definition of psych
Humanistic Psychology
Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Cognitive Neuroscience
Who drew attention to ways that the environmental influences can nurture/limit growth potential?
Roger and Maslow
What did the Cognitive Revolution (1960’s) focus on?
How we perceive, process, and remember information
Science of mental processes and behavior
Modern definition of psychology
3 Main levels of influence
biological, psychological, cultural
A self correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis
Scientific Method
Why do we use operational definitions?
To avoid bias
Sq3R
Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
Explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed
Theory
Theory that produces testable predictions
Hypothesis
Descriptive technique in which one individual/group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Case study
Descriptive technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation
Naturalistic Observation
Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning a random sample of the group
Survey
How things are related, measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and thus, how well either factor predicts the other
Correlations
Shows strength and direction of the correlation
Correlation Coefficient
Research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior
Experimentation
Replication is __
confirmation
Two factors that influence a survey
Wording, Random sampling
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average
Regression of the mean
Both participants and staff are ignorant about placebo/control group
Double blind procedure
Factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect
Confounding variable
Obtain informed consent, protect from harm/discomfort, keep info confidential/ debrief
Ethics of people
Must ensure comfort, health, human treatment, and minimize pain
Ethics of animals
Standard for measuring how much scores deviate from one another
Standard deviation
Genes act as
Codes
Chromosoms are made up of__
genes + DNA
Study of the relative power and limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior
Behavior genetics
True or false: Environment shared by a families children has no discernible impact on their personalities
True
Person’s characteristics of emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament
Study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior
Gene-environment interaction
Study of environmental influences on gene expression
Epigenetics
Study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
Evolutionary Psychology
Principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and surveil most likely pass onto succeeding generations
Natural Selection
Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two
Identical Twins
Extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes
Heritability
Random errors in gene replication
Mutations
No more than ___ of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences
5%
By puberty, ___ ___ results in a massive loss on unemployed connections
Synaptic pruning
Priority to one’s own goals over the group’s goals
Individualism
Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly
Collectivism
Define how men/women should react and it differs from place to place
Gender traits
Social expectations that guide our behavior as men or women
Roles
Personal sense of being male/female or a sense of the two
Gender identity
Assumes we acquire our gender identity in childhood by observing & imitating others’ gender-linked behaviors and by being rewarded/punished for acting in certain way
Social Learning Theory
Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
Culture
Rules for accepted and expected behavior
Norms
Westerners use____
trait describing adjectives
East Asians use__ that describe behaviors in context
Verbs
Biological status
Sex
Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
Primary Sex Characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual traits
Secondary sex Characteristics
First wet dream
Spermarche
First period
menarche
Schemas
Concept
What does Nature vs Nurture ask?
How does our genetic inheritance interact with our experiences to influence our development?
Continuity & Stages (development issues)
What parts of development are gradual and continuous? What parts change abruptly?
What traits persist? Change?
Stability & Change (development issues)
Who studied moral development and the stages of psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
Did Erik believe they were stages you progress through, in that order?
Yes
Who studied cognitive development and believed you could jump around?
Jean Piaget
Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell divisions and develops into an embryo
Zygote
Developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month
Embryo
Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
Fetus
How many cells form per second at 4 weeks?
1 million
What reflexes do babies have?
Rooting, sucking, tonguing
Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation
Habituation
What do babies prefer?
Sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness
Where is the most rapid growth in a baby?
Frontal lobes
Motor development is __
universal
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas
Assimilate
Adapting current understands to incorporate new information
Accommodation
Ideas about their own mental stage
Theory of Mind
Who studied on monkey’s?
Harlow
Stange Situation Experiment
Mary Ainsworth
Styles of romantic love
Secure, trusting
Insecure, anxious
Avoidance of attachment
Authoritarian parenting
Coercive
Permissive parenting
Unrestraining
Authoritative
Confrontative
Did Erik Erikson study attachment styles?
Yes
Process of acquiring through experience new information/behaviors
Learning
Who said we learn about association- minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Aristotle
Classical conditioning
Associate to stimuli
Operant conditioning
Associate a response and its consequence
2 behavioralists?
Pavlov, Watson
Who studied how the body breaks down food into chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood
Pavlov
Presentation of 2 stimuli is independent of behavior
Classical conditioning
When CS is repeatedly present without the US, the CR becomes weaker until it stops
Extinction
Who studied human emotions and behaviors, through biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses
John Watson
