mid term Flashcards by Star Shooter

In 1879, in psychology’s first experiment, ___ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key

William Wundt

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William James would be considered a(n)

Functionalist

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Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered

Structuralists

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In the early twentieth century, ____ redefined psychology as the “science of observable behavior”

Abraham Maslow

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Nature is to nurture as

Biology is to experience

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A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely a

Clinical Psychologist

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A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is

Psychiatrist

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A psychologist conducting basic research to expand psychology’s knowledge base would be most likely to

observe 3- and 6- year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities

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used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Structuralism

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Explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Functionalism

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Who was a memory researcher, but denied her PhD in 1890?

Mary Calkins

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1st women with psych in PhD and studied animal behavior?

Margaret Floy Washburn

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Who emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior?

Frued

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What did behaviorism dismiss?

Introspection

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Watson and Rayner showed that fear could be learned. What theory did they belong to?

Behaviorism

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BF skinner agued that consequences shape

Behavior

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Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential – rejected behaviorism and Freudian definition of psych

Humanistic Psychology

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Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Cognitive Neuroscience

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Who drew attention to ways that the environmental influences can nurture/limit growth potential?

Roger and Maslow

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What did the Cognitive Revolution (1960’s) focus on?

How we perceive, process, and remember information

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Science of mental processes and behavior

Modern definition of psychology

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3 Main levels of influence

biological, psychological, cultural

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A self correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis

Scientific Method

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Why do we use operational definitions?

To avoid bias

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Sq3R

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed

Theory

Theory that produces testable predictions

Hypothesis

Descriptive technique in which one individual/group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Case study

Descriptive technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

Naturalistic Observation

Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning a random sample of the group

Survey

How things are related, measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and thus, how well either factor predicts the other

Correlations

Shows strength and direction of the correlation

Correlation Coefficient

Research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior

Experimentation

Replication is __

confirmation

Two factors that influence a survey

Wording, Random sampling

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average

Regression of the mean

Both participants and staff are ignorant about placebo/control group

Double blind procedure

Factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

Confounding variable

Obtain informed consent, protect from harm/discomfort, keep info confidential/ debrief

Ethics of people

Must ensure comfort, health, human treatment, and minimize pain

Ethics of animals

Standard for measuring how much scores deviate from one another

Standard deviation

Genes act as

Codes

Chromosoms are made up of__

genes + DNA

Study of the relative power and limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior

Behavior genetics

True or false: Environment shared by a families children has no discernible impact on their personalities

True

Person's characteristics of emotional reactivity and intensity

Temperament

Study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

Gene-environment interaction

Study of environmental influences on gene expression

Epigenetics

Study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Evolutionary Psychology

Principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and surveil most likely pass onto succeeding generations

Natural Selection

Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two

Identical Twins

Extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes

Heritability

Random errors in gene replication

Mutations

No more than ___ of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences

By puberty, ___ ___ results in a massive loss on unemployed connections

Synaptic pruning

Priority to one's own goals over the group's goals

Individualism

Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly

Collectivism

Define how men/women should react and it differs from place to place

Gender traits

Social expectations that guide our behavior as men or women

Roles

Personal sense of being male/female or a sense of the two

Gender identity

Assumes we acquire our gender identity in childhood by observing & imitating others' gender-linked behaviors and by being rewarded/punished for acting in certain way

Social Learning Theory

Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Culture

Rules for accepted and expected behavior

Norms

Westerners use____

trait describing adjectives

East Asians use__ that describe behaviors in context

Verbs

Biological status

Sex

Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

Primary Sex Characteristics

Non-reproductive sexual traits

Secondary sex Characteristics

First wet dream

Spermarche

First period

menarche

Schemas

Concept

What does Nature vs Nurture ask?

How does our genetic inheritance interact with our experiences to influence our development?

Continuity & Stages (development issues)

What parts of development are gradual and continuous? What parts change abruptly?

What traits persist? Change?

Stability & Change (development issues)

Who studied moral development and the stages of psychosocial development?

Erik Erikson

Did Erik believe they were stages you progress through, in that order?

Yes

Who studied cognitive development and believed you could jump around?

Jean Piaget

Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell divisions and develops into an embryo

Zygote

Developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

Embryo

Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Fetus

How many cells form per second at 4 weeks?

1 million

What reflexes do babies have?

Rooting, sucking, tonguing

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

Habituation

What do babies prefer?

Sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness

Where is the most rapid growth in a baby?

Frontal lobes

Motor development is __

universal

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

Assimilate

Adapting current understands to incorporate new information

Accommodation

Ideas about their own mental stage

Theory of Mind

Who studied on monkey's?

Harlow

Stange Situation Experiment

Mary Ainsworth

Styles of romantic love

Secure, trusting Insecure, anxious Avoidance of attachment

Authoritarian parenting

Coercive

Permissive parenting

Unrestraining

Authoritative

Confrontative

Did Erik Erikson study attachment styles?

Yes

Process of acquiring through experience new information/behaviors

Learning

Who said we learn about association- minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

Aristotle

Classical conditioning

Associate to stimuli

Operant conditioning

Associate a response and its consequence

2 behavioralists?

Pavlov, Watson

Who studied how the body breaks down food into chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood

Pavlov

Presentation of 2 stimuli is independent of behavior

Classical conditioning

When CS is repeatedly present without the US, the CR becomes weaker until it stops

Extinction

Who studied human emotions and behaviors, through biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses

John Watson