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PSYC 101 > mid term > Flashcards

mid term Flashcards

1
Q

In 1879, in psychology’s first experiment, ___ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key

A

William Wundt

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2
Q

William James would be considered a(n)

A

Functionalist

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener would be considered

A

Structuralists

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4
Q

In the early twentieth century, ____ redefined psychology as the “science of observable behavior”

A

Abraham Maslow

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5
Q

Nature is to nurture as

A

Biology is to experience

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6
Q

A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely a

A

Clinical Psychologist

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7
Q

A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is

A

Psychiatrist

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8
Q

A psychologist conducting basic research to expand psychology’s knowledge base would be most likely to

A

observe 3- and 6- year olds solving puzzles and analyze differences in their abilities

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9
Q

used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

A

Structuralism

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10
Q

Explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

A

Functionalism

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11
Q

Who was a memory researcher, but denied her PhD in 1890?

A

Mary Calkins

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12
Q

1st women with psych in PhD and studied animal behavior?

A

Margaret Floy Washburn

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13
Q

Who emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior?

A

Frued

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14
Q

What did behaviorism dismiss?

A

Introspection

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15
Q

Watson and Rayner showed that fear could be learned. What theory did they belong to?

A

Behaviorism

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16
Q

BF skinner agued that consequences shape

A

Behavior

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17
Q

Historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential – rejected behaviorism and Freudian definition of psych

A

Humanistic Psychology

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18
Q

Interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

A

Cognitive Neuroscience

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19
Q

Who drew attention to ways that the environmental influences can nurture/limit growth potential?

A

Roger and Maslow

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20
Q

What did the Cognitive Revolution (1960’s) focus on?

A

How we perceive, process, and remember information

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21
Q

Science of mental processes and behavior

A

Modern definition of psychology

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22
Q

3 Main levels of influence

A

biological, psychological, cultural

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23
Q

A self correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis

A

Scientific Method

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24
Q

Why do we use operational definitions?

A

To avoid bias

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25
Q

Sq3R

A

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

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26
Q

Explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed

A

Theory

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27
Q

Theory that produces testable predictions

A

Hypothesis

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28
Q

Descriptive technique in which one individual/group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case study

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29
Q

Descriptive technique of observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation

A

Naturalistic Observation

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30
Q

Descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reporting attitudes or behavior of a particular group, usually by questioning a random sample of the group

A

Survey

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31
Q

How things are related, measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and thus, how well either factor predicts the other

A

Correlations

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32
Q

Shows strength and direction of the correlation

A

Correlation Coefficient

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33
Q

Research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior

A

Experimentation

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34
Q

Replication is __

A

confirmation

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35
Q

Two factors that influence a survey

A

Wording, Random sampling

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36
Q

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average

A

Regression of the mean

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37
Q

Both participants and staff are ignorant about placebo/control group

A

Double blind procedure

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38
Q

Factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

A

Confounding variable

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39
Q

Obtain informed consent, protect from harm/discomfort, keep info confidential/ debrief

A

Ethics of people

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40
Q

Must ensure comfort, health, human treatment, and minimize pain

A

Ethics of animals

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41
Q

Standard for measuring how much scores deviate from one another

A

Standard deviation

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42
Q

Genes act as

A

Codes

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43
Q

Chromosoms are made up of__

A

genes + DNA

44
Q

Study of the relative power and limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior

A

Behavior genetics

45
Q

True or false: Environment shared by a families children has no discernible impact on their personalities

A

True

46
Q

Person’s characteristics of emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

47
Q

Study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

A

Gene-environment interaction

48
Q

Study of environmental influences on gene expression

A

Epigenetics

49
Q

Study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

A

Evolutionary Psychology

50
Q

Principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and surveil most likely pass onto succeeding generations

A

Natural Selection

51
Q

Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two

A

Identical Twins

52
Q

Extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes

A

Heritability

53
Q

Random errors in gene replication

A

Mutations

54
Q

No more than ___ of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences

A

5%

55
Q

By puberty, ___ ___ results in a massive loss on unemployed connections

A

Synaptic pruning

56
Q

Priority to one’s own goals over the group’s goals

A

Individualism

57
Q

Giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly

A

Collectivism

58
Q

Define how men/women should react and it differs from place to place

A

Gender traits

59
Q

Social expectations that guide our behavior as men or women

A

Roles

60
Q

Personal sense of being male/female or a sense of the two

A

Gender identity

61
Q

Assumes we acquire our gender identity in childhood by observing & imitating others’ gender-linked behaviors and by being rewarded/punished for acting in certain way

A

Social Learning Theory

62
Q

Behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Culture

63
Q

Rules for accepted and expected behavior

A

Norms

64
Q

Westerners use____

A

trait describing adjectives

65
Q

East Asians use__ that describe behaviors in context

A

Verbs

66
Q

Biological status

A

Sex

67
Q

Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

A

Primary Sex Characteristics

68
Q

Non-reproductive sexual traits

A

Secondary sex Characteristics

69
Q

First wet dream

A

Spermarche

70
Q

First period

A

menarche

71
Q

Schemas

A

Concept

72
Q

What does Nature vs Nurture ask?

A

How does our genetic inheritance interact with our experiences to influence our development?

73
Q

Continuity & Stages (development issues)

A

What parts of development are gradual and continuous? What parts change abruptly?

74
Q

What traits persist? Change?

A

Stability & Change (development issues)

75
Q

Who studied moral development and the stages of psychosocial development?

A

Erik Erikson

76
Q

Did Erik believe they were stages you progress through, in that order?

A

Yes

77
Q

Who studied cognitive development and believed you could jump around?

A

Jean Piaget

78
Q

Fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell divisions and develops into an embryo

A

Zygote

79
Q

Developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

A

Embryo

80
Q

Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

A

Fetus

81
Q

How many cells form per second at 4 weeks?

A

1 million

82
Q

What reflexes do babies have?

A

Rooting, sucking, tonguing

83
Q

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

A

Habituation

84
Q

What do babies prefer?

A

Sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness

85
Q

Where is the most rapid growth in a baby?

A

Frontal lobes

86
Q

Motor development is __

A

universal

87
Q

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

A

Assimilate

88
Q

Adapting current understands to incorporate new information

A

Accommodation

89
Q

Ideas about their own mental stage

A

Theory of Mind

90
Q

Who studied on monkey’s?

A

Harlow

91
Q

Stange Situation Experiment

A

Mary Ainsworth

92
Q

Styles of romantic love

A

Secure, trusting
Insecure, anxious
Avoidance of attachment

93
Q

Authoritarian parenting

A

Coercive

94
Q

Permissive parenting

A

Unrestraining

95
Q

Authoritative

A

Confrontative

96
Q

Did Erik Erikson study attachment styles?

A

Yes

97
Q

Process of acquiring through experience new information/behaviors

A

Learning

98
Q

Who said we learn about association- minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

A

Aristotle

99
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Associate to stimuli

100
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Associate a response and its consequence

101
Q

2 behavioralists?

A

Pavlov, Watson

102
Q

Who studied how the body breaks down food into chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood

A

Pavlov

103
Q

Presentation of 2 stimuli is independent of behavior

A

Classical conditioning

104
Q

When CS is repeatedly present without the US, the CR becomes weaker until it stops

A

Extinction

105
Q

Who studied human emotions and behaviors, through biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses

A

John Watson

PSYC 101 (1 decks)

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