MID TERM

Question 1

a metaphor for understanding the ways that
multiple forms of inequality or disadvantage sometimes
compound themselves and create obstacles that often are not understood among conventional ways of thinking.

Answer 1

Intersectionality

Question 2

a biological and social concept.

Answer 2

Race

Question 3

Culture, geographic origin, language, and history shared by a group of
people.

Answer 3

Ethnicity

Question 4

one’s economic position in society. (3 foundations)

Answer 4

Class

Question 5

3 foundations of class

Answer 5

working class
middle class
upper class

Question 6

Paycheck to paycheck lifestyle, little to no savings,
little to no property ownership.

Answer 6

working class

Question 7

Comfortable savings, live in “safe neighborhoods” and own property.

Answer 7

middle class

Question 8

Wealthy, own multiple properties or other financial
investments, comfortable retirements.

Answer 8

upper class

Question 9

Biological and physiological characteristics, typically thought of in terms of male and female bodies (though not always the case).

Answer 9

sex

Question 10

Behaviors that are considered “normal” to a particular sex. The way you dress, walk, talk, think, and act, are all gendered.

Answer 10

gender

Question 11

Who you are attracted to.

Answer 11

sexual orientation

Question 12

• A group of Black women sue General Motors.
• They claimed GM was violated TITLE VII of the Civil Rights
  Act
• Title VII was passed as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting employment discrimination based on “race, color, religion, sex and national origin.”

Answer 12

DeGraffenreid v. GENERAL MOTORS, 1976 (Missouri)

Question 13

Why study intersectionality?

Answer 13

• it’s about repairing the vast inequalities we find in our society. It helps us understand that inequality is not a one-dimensional problem (but is complex and multi-layered)
• provide us with a strategic road map for how we may
  eliminate social inequality and injustice.
• aims to repair inequality.

Question 14

-A “science” based on measuring skull
size and shape to make conclusions about brain size.

• Believed brain size = moral character, personality, and likelihood of criminal behavior = racial hierarchies.

Answer 14

craniometry

Question 15

-Skull measurement and facial features could be used to predict criminality.

• A belief that racial difference is permanent and racial hierarchies are clear and self-evident.

Answer 15

phrenology

Question 16

-Considered a founder of criminology as a
science.
- Argued that criminals were genetically inferior
and similar to apes, monkeys, early humans, and
“savages.”
- Believed people were born criminal and you
could tell by their physical appearance: their
forehead slope, ear size, facial symmetry, length of
arms, size of skull, and other physical features.

Answer 16

cesare lombroso

Question 17

• Slave owner and defended racial slavery in the U.S.
• Examined skulls of Africans and concluded that they were racially inferior and designed to be enslaved.

Answer 17

Charles caldwell

Question 18

• Measured skulls of Native Americans and argued that they were “slow in acquiring knowledge,” difficult to assimilate into American society, and racially inferior.
• Used science to justify genocide and elimination of Natives as a racially inferior
  group.

Answer 18

Samuel morton

Question 19

• Belief that human society should breed selectively to protect the purity of the white race.
• Belief that poor people, criminals, and people with intellectual disabilities should be sterilized and
  prevented from having children and passing on their “inferior” genetics.

Answer 19

eugenics

Question 20

• Believed that exposure
  to social institutions and
  economic deprivations
  based on race increased
  the likelihood of risk
  factors and trauma that
  could lead a person into
  committing offenses.

Answer 20

W.E.B. Du Bois

Question 21

not everyone has access to lawful pathways to achieve economic stability, professional success, and well-being.

Answer 21

poverty

Question 22

The connections between prejudice, social
institutions, and social practices that systematically discriminate against certain bodies, reduce life chances, and tacitly reproduce
racial inequality.

Answer 22

structural racism

Question 23

why do women continue to be incarcerated

Answer 23

• Women are more likely to be written up for
  disciplinary action inside prison compared to
  men.
• Fewer diversion programs.
• Criminalization of gender-based abuse and
  discrimination.
• Women are more likely to enter prison with a
  history of abuse and trauma. And then once
  inside, they face greater likelihood of abuse by
  corrections officers or other prisoners.

Question 24

Trans violence

Answer 24

-The prison environment is dangerous for transgender people: high rates
of of physical injury, sexual harassment, sexual battery, rape, and even
death
-Prison housing policies are based on biological sex or sex at the time of
birth rather than one’s affirmed gender, placing transgender prisoners at
risk.
-Transgender prisoners are also placed into solitary confinement as a
form of protection.
-There is a need for alternative housing policies for trans prisoners.