MID TERM Flashcards
What type of government did Hobbes feel was the best for keeping the people safe under the social contract?
a) Absolute Monarchy
b) Limited/Constitutional Monarchy
c) A Democratic Republic
d) A pure democracy
Limited/Constitutional Monarchy
The principles of checks and balances and separation of powers were put forward by…?
a) Jean-Jacues Rosseau
b) Marry Wollstonecroft
c) Denis Diderot
d) Charles Louis Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu
Charles Louis Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu
Why was Diderot’s Encyclopedia so important to the Enlightenment?
a) He came up with many of the ideas originally
b) The popularity of the books spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
c) The banning of the Encyclopedia caused the church to fail
d) It became required reading in the new public schools of the day
The popularity of the books spread the ideas of the Enlightenment
Who or what did Adam Smith argue should regulate business activity in his book The Wealth of Nations?
a) The monarchs of the world’s nations
b) The merchant’s classes
c) He argued that they could not be regulated
d) The free market
The free market
Which French estate(s) had to pay taxes?
a) The first estate
b) The second estate
c) The third estate
d) All of them, although the amounts depended on personal income
The third estate
Which was NOT a cause of heavy French debt in the late 1700s?
a) The colonization of Africa
b) The seven years war
c) The American Revolution
d) The cashiers
The Colonization of Africa
Why did Louis XVI finally agree to summon the estates general?
a) He feared invasion from England
b) France was on the verge of bankruptcy
c) The estates general forced him to do so
d) The cashiers were demanding reforms
France was on the verge of bankruptcy
What did the Parisian mob storm the Bastille?
a) To rescue their leaders from prison
b) Because they thought the king and queen were there
c) to capture the Spanish ambassador who lived there
d) to seize guns and ammunition for the flight they anticipated
to seize guns and ammunition for the flight they anticipated
The Declaration of The Rights of Man and the Citizen stated that
a) Male and Female citizens were equal before the law
b) all citizens had to pay equal taxes
c) people had rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
d) all male citizens had the right to vote
people had rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
a) Abolished the Catholic Church in France
b) Made Catholicism the official religion of France
c) Made the Clergy part of the Third estate
d) Put the French Catholic Church under state control
Put the French Catholic Church under state control
What was the response of King Louis XVI to the coming Constitution of 1791, which would make France a limited monarchy?
a) He and his family tried to flee the country
b) He welcomed the change
c) He ordered the execution of the Legislative Assembly
d) He had the French Supreme Court justices arrested
He and his family tried to flee the country
Why were other European leaders worried by the French Revolution?
a) They were worried that the French Economy might collapse, but hurt everyone else
b) They were worried that the French would expand and take over Europe
c) They weren’t especially worried that the French would expand and take over Europe
d) They were worried that it would lead to similar revolutions in their own countries
They were worried that it would lead to similar revolutions in their own countries
In 1792, the radical Jacobins controlling the National Convention voted to abolish the monarchy and declare France
a) A repubic
b) A theoocracy
c) A dictatorship
d) Bankrupt
A repubic
What was the point of the levee an masse (mass levy) enacted by the committee of the Public Safety?
a) To make sure that all citizens got a public education
b) To ensure fair taxes for all income levels
c) To mobilize all French citizens to support the war effort
d) To discover spies or traitors still active in France
To mobilize all French citizens to support the war effort
During “Reign of Terror,” Robespierre tried to
a) Restore the Catholic Church
b) Crush all opposition to the revolution
c) Reinstate the monarchy
d) Execute all French nobles/aristocrats
Crush all opposition to the revolution
Which of the following social reforms were NOT part of the new French Republic?
a) An end to slavery in the colonies
b) The creation of state schools to replace religious schools
c) The creation of secular holidays to replace religious ones
d) Equal rights for women
Equal rights for women
Victory over the forces of which country at the Battle of Toulon helped win Napoleon national popularity?
a) Russian
b) British
c) French
d) Prussian
British
How did the Napoleon code reflect enlightenment principles?
a) It guaranteed the equality of all citizens before the law
b) It guaranteed women equal rights
c) It valued individual rights above all else
d) It valued the security of the state over individual liberty
It guaranteed the equality of all citizens before the law
What was Napoleon’s attempt to defeat Britain through economic warfare called?
a) The Arc of Triumph
b) The Scorched Earth Strategy
c) The Great Blockade
d) The Continental system
The Continental system
Which country’s guerilla warfare efforts made France’s occupation difficult?
a) Poland
b) Spain
c) Egypt
d) Germany
Spain
What was the result of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia?
a) A years-long war which resulted in a bitter peace treaty
b) A renewal of the French alliance with Russia
c) A staggering French defeat
d) A crushing victory over the Russians
A staggering French defeat
Which famous lost battle meant the end of Napoleon at last?
a) Battle of Austerlitz
b) Battle of Nile
c) Battle of Waterloo
d) Battle of Trafalgar
Battle of Waterloo
How did Congress of Vienna hope to create a lasting peace in Europe?
a) By outlawing war forever
b) By putting Russia in charge of enforcing the peace
c) By creating a “peace council” run by the pope to punish war
d) Through a “balance of power” system of loose alliances
Through a “balance of power” system of loose alliances
Why did European farmers start using systems of crop rotation in the 1700s?
a) It followed superstitious beliefs of peasants
b) To put needed nutrients back into the soil
c) To add to the variety of crops available for sale
d) To limit the amount of crops damaged by pests
To put needed nutrients back into the soil
What was one way that the Agricultural Revolution helped the Industrial Revolution?
a) It returned workers from factories to their farms
b) It made it possible to divide farms into smaller sections
c) It led to the first biofuels- some of which we still use today
d) It created large numbers of unemployed farmers who needed industrial jobs
It created large numbers of unemployed farmers who needed industrial jobs
What was the most important new source of energy in the 1700s?
a) Coal-fired steam engines
b) Internal combustion engines
c) Early solar stoves for cooking
d) Wind-generated electricity
Coal-fired steam engines
What was the main reason that employers preferred woman workers to men?
a) Women complained less than men
b) Women had children who could also work
c) Women were more capable than men
d) Employers were able to pay women less then men
Employers were able to pay women less then men
How did the factory owners usually respond to the workers protesting for more rights?
a) They often sought arbitration through the courts
b) With harsh repression and violence
c) They usually didn’t care about such protests
d) They allowed their middle managers to negotiate
With harsh repression and violence
How did the middle class generally view the poor during the Industrial Revolution?
a) They felt responsible for taking care of the poor
b) They felt that they were essentially the same as the poor
c) They were sympathetic to the plight of the poor
d) They believed the poor were responsible for their own misery
They believed the poor were responsible for their own misery
Who was the main advocate of laissez-faire economics?
a) Karl Marx
b) Friedrich Engels
c) Adam Smith
d) John Stuart Mill
Adam Smith
The idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens was a philosophy held by which group?
a) Utopians
b) Utilitarians
c) Capitalists
d) Marxists
Utilitarians
Which of the following conditions during the Industrial Revolution supported Karl Marx’s ideas?
a) There are a few wealthy business people while a majority of the people were poor
b) More material goods were available
c) People were no longer threatened by famine
d) People left the countryside and moved to the cities
There are a few wealthy business people while a majority of the people were poor
How did British try to maintain their technological “head start” over the rest of the world?
a) By selling industrial secrets to rivals, but only for high prices to help prices to help their own economy
b) By going to war against France and Belgium
c) By blockading the ports of the countries that tried to steal their technology
d) By enforcing strict laws against exporting inventions
By enforcing strict laws against exporting inventions
Why did successful companies start hiring scientists in the late 1800s?
a) To come up with ways to sabotage their competitors
b) To invent new products and production methods
c) To educate investors regarding their products
d) By enforcing strict laws against exporting inventions
To invent new products and production methods
What are cartels?
a) Business associations formed to fix prices and control markets
b) Business partnerships which encourage competition
c) Illegal drug distributors
d) Criminal organizations operating legitimate businesses
Business associations formed to fix prices and control markets
What did the industrial and business families have that the nobility of Europe needed, which caused them to inter-marry?
a) Acess to better jobs
b) Factories
c) Money
d) Titles
Money
Why was public education considered important in the 1800s?
a) To make sure that children could go to college
b) To make sure that all people had equal opportunities
c) To produce better citizens
d) To make sure that men and women were both competitive for available jobs
To produce better citizens
Why did Darwin’s theory of evolution cause such controversy?
a) It disagreed with the Biblical account of creation
b) It argued that religion was just a way for the state to control the masses
c) It denied the existence of God
d) It challenged the moral teachings of the church
It disagreed with the Biblical account of creation
Napoleon’s creation of the Confederation of the Rhine had the effect of
a) Expanding German laws against Jews, making it harder for them to survive
b) Making trade between the Germanic regions more difficult and expensive
c) Disintegrating German unity, causing Germany to collapse into smaller principalities
d) Increasing German nationalism and desire for a united German state
Increasing German nationalism and desire for a united German state
What aspect of Prussian power did Bismarck primarily emphasize?
a) Diplomacy
b) The economy
c) The navy
d) The army
The constitution of the Second Peich set up a two-house legislature that
a) was extremely democratic in most respects
b) Gave real power to the Kaiser and the chancellor
c) Was controlled by the Reichstag
d) Was entirely elected by the universal suffrage
Was entirely elected by the universal suffrage
Prior to the 1800s, when was the last time that the Italian peninsula had been politically unified?
a) During the Napoleonic Wars
b) Under the Roman Empire
c) When was it ruled by the Medicis (the Medici family) in the 1400s
d) During the Hundred Years’ war
Under the Roman Empire
Which Italian kingdom eventually united all of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel II?
a) Sardania
b) The Two Sicilies
C) Tuscany
d) Parma
Sardania
Under unification, relations between Italy’s government and the Roman Catholic Church were
a) Friendly
b) Cautiously supportive
c) Hostile
d) Indifferent
Hostile
What did the Decembrists demand during their revolt in Russia?
a) An end to the monarchy
b) A constitution for Russia
c) An empire in the Americas
D) Currency reform
A constitution for Russia
The three traditional “pillars” of russian absolutism were orthodoxy, autocracy, ad
a) Oligarchy
b) Nationalism
c) Democracy
d) Reform
Nationalism
A major milestone in Russian history occurred in 1861 when Czar Alexander II
a) Banned all elected assemblies
b) Did away with all new legal reforms
c) Tightened government censorship
d) Emancipated the Russian serfs
Emancipated the Russian serfs
What event(s) caused the Russians to rise up in rebellion in 1905?
a) Napoleon’s invasion of Russia
b) The slaughter of religious demonstrators on Bloody Sunday
c) The prosecution of the Jews and Muslims
d) The freeing of the serfs
The slaughter of religious demonstrators on Bloody Sunday
The “New Imperialism” of the Europeans in the 18th and 19th centuries was driven by the needs to
a) regain the lost knowledge and technology of the ancients
b) gain natural resources for manufacturing and new markets for goods
c) expand cultural contacts and exposure to other groups
d) Import new foods, styles, and music
gain natural resources for manufacturing and new markets for goods
“Social Darwinism” mistakenly applies Darwin’s ideas about species competition to
a) the evolution of various edible crop species for cultivation
b) the creations of cartels in different industries (such as oil or gas)
c) the various planets (and planetary bodies) in the solar system
d) Various human “races”, thus “proving” racial superiority of some groups over others
Various human “races”, thus “proving” racial superiority of some groups over others
