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CRIM > MID-TERM > Flashcards

MID-TERM Flashcards

1
Q

What is sociology?

A

The systematic study of human groups and their interactions

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2
Q

What is sociological perspective?

A

A view of society based on the dynamic relationships between individuals and the larger social network which we all live.

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3
Q

What are personal troubles?

A

Personal challenges that require individual solutions

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4
Q

What are social issues?

A

Challenges caused by larger social factors that require collective solutions.

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5
Q

What is quality of mind?

A

Mills’s term for the ability to view personal circumstance within a social context.

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6
Q

What is sociological imagination?

A

C.W Mills’s term for the ability to perceive how dynamic social forces influence individual lives.

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7
Q

What are cheerful robots?

A

People who are unwilling or unable to see the social world as it truly exists.

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8
Q

What is agency?

A

The assumption that individuals have the ability to alter their socially constructed lives.

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9
Q

What is structure?

A

The network of relatively stable opportunities and constraints influencing individual decisions and behaviours.

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10
Q

What is patriarchy?

A

A pervasive and complex system where men control the social, political and economic resources of society.

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11
Q

What is socioeconomic status?

A

A combination of variables (income, education, occupation, etc.) used to rank people into a hierarchical structure of social status.

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12
Q

What does SES stand for

A

Socioeconomic Status

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13
Q

What is ascribed status?

A

Attributes (advantages and disadvantages) assigned at birth (e.g., income level).

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14
Q

What is achieved status?

A

Attributes developed throughout life as a result of effort and skill (e.g., course grades).

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15
Q

What is positivism?

A

A theoretical approach that considers all understanding to be based on science.

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16
Q

What is anti-positivism?

A

A theoretical approach that considers knowledge and understanding to be the result of human subjectivity

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17
Q

What are values?

A

Cultural beliefs about ideal goals and behaviours that serve as standards for social life and that identify something as right, desirable, and moral

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18
Q

What is quantitative sociology

A

The study of behaviours that can be measured (e.g., income levels).

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19
Q

What is qualitative sociology?

A

The study of non measurable, subjective behaviours (e.g., the effects of divorce).

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20
Q

What is macrosociology?

A

The study of society as a whole.

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21
Q

What is microsociology?

A

The study of individual or small-group dynamics within a larger society

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22
Q

What is symbolic interactionism?

A

A perspective asserting that people and societies are defined and created through the interactions of individuals.

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23
Q

What is the political economy?

A

The interactions of politics, government and governing, and the social and cultural constitution of markets, institutions, and actors.

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24
Q

What is a theory?

A

A statement that tries to explain how certain facts or variables are related in order to predict future events

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25
Q

What is natural state?

A

Hobbes’s conception of the human condition before the emergence of formal social structures.

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26
Q

What are ideal types?

A

Classic or pure forms of a given social phenomenon (e.g., to some, the United States is an ideal form of democracy).

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27
Q

What are philosophes?

A

French philosophers during the enlightenment period who advocated critical thinking and practical knowledge

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28
Q

What is organic analogy?

A

The belief that society is like an organism with interdependent and interrelated parts

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29
Q

What is survival of the fittest?

A

Spencer’s interpretation of biological principles to justify why only the strong should survive.

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30
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The biologically based principle that environmental pressures allow certain beneficial traits to be passed on to future generations.

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31
Q

What is evolution

A

The biological process by which genetic mutations are selected for, and against, through environmental pressures.

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32
Q

What is social Darwinism

A

Spencer’s assertion that societies evolve according to the same principles as do biological organisms.

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33
Q

What is laissez-faire

A

A point of view that opposes regulation of or interference with natural processes.

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34
Q

What is collective conscience?

A

Durkheim’s concept highlighting the totality of beliefs and sentiments that are common to the average person in a society.

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35
Q

What are social facts?

A

General social features that exist on their own and are independent of individual manifestations.

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36
Q

What does anomie mean?

A

Durkheim’s term for a state of formlessness that results from a lack of clear goals

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37
Q

What is mechanical solidarity?

A

Describes early societies based on similarities and independence.

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38
Q

What is organic solidarity?

A

Describes later societies organized around interdependence and the increasing division of labour.

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39
Q

What is the social action theory?

A

Parson’s framework attempting to separate behaviours from actions to explain why people do what they do.

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40
Q

What are behaviours

A

For parsons, the almost mechanical responses to specific stimuli.

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41
Q

What are actions?

A

For parsons, the results of an active and inventive process.

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42
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The social system must be able to gather and distribute sufficient resources and adjust to changes in its environment.

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43
Q

What is goal attainment?

A

The system needs to establish clear goals and priorities.

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44
Q

What is integration?

A

The system needs to maintain solidarity while allowing the aspirations of subgroups.

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45
Q

What is latency?

A

The system needs to motivate individuals to release their frustrations in socially appropriate ways.

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46
Q

What is tension maintenance?

A

Recognizes the internal tensions and strains that influence all actors.

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47
Q

What is pattern maintenance?

A

Involves socially appropriate ways to displays tensions and strains.

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48
Q

What are manifest functions

A

The intended consequences of an action or social pattern

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49
Q

What are latent functions?

A

The unintended consequences of an action or social pattern.

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50
Q

What is natural or physical inequality?

A

According to Rousseau, inequality based on physical differences established by nature (e.g., physical strength, body size).

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51
Q

What is moral or political inequality?

A

According to Rousseau, inequality based on human classification of valuable things (e.g., money, social status).

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52
Q

What are dialectics?

A

Hegel’s view of society as the result of oppositions, contradictions, and tensions from which new ideas and social change can emerge.

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53
Q

What is idealism?

A

The belief that the human mind and consciousness are more important in understanding the human condition than is the material world.

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54
Q

What is base?

A

The material and economic foundation for society, made up of the forces of production and the relations of production.

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55
Q

What are forces of production?

A

The physical and intellectual resources a society has with which to make a living.

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56
Q

What are relations of production?

A

The relationship between workers and owners.

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57
Q

What is social class?

A

A group of individuals sharing a position in a social hierarchy, based on both birth and achievement.

58
Q

What is class conflict?

A

When the interests of one class are in opposition to another.

59
Q

What are the proletariat?

A

Workers who do not own land and must sell their labour.

60
Q

What are the bourgeoisie?

A

Owners of the means of production

61
Q

What is alienation?

A

Marxist concept to describe the process by which workers lack connection to what they produce and become separated from themselves and other workers.

62
Q

What is exploitation?

A

The difference between what workers are paid and the wealth they create for the owner.

63
Q

What is superstructure?

A

All of the things that society values and aspires to once its material needs are met (e.g., religion, politics, law).

64
Q

What is ideology?

A

A set of beliefs and values that support and justify the ruling class of a society.

65
Q

What is false consciousness?

A

Belief in and support for the system that oppresses you.

66
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

Recognition of domination and oppression and taking collective action to change it.

67
Q

What is the Thomas theorem?

A

Assertion that things people define as real are real in their consequences.

68
Q

What is verstehen?

A

Weber’s term for a deep understanding and interpretation of subjective social meanings.

69
Q

What is formal sociology?

A

Simmel’s theory that argues that different human interactions, once isolated from their content, can be similar in form.

70
Q

What is I

A

Mead’s term for the unsocialized part of the self.

71
Q

What is Me?

A

Mead’s term for the socialized element of the self.

72
Q

What is sympathetic introspection?

A

Cooley’s concept of the value of putting yourself into another person’s show and seeing the world from their perspective.

73
Q

What is the looking-glass self?

A

Cooley’s belief that we develop our self-image through the cues we receive from others.

74
Q

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

A prediction that, once made, causes the outcome to occur.

75
Q

What is double-consciousness?

A

Du Boi’s term for a sense of self that is defined, in part, through the eyes of others, resulting in a sense of divided identify experienced by Black Americans.

76
Q

What is hegemony?

A

Political and social domination through ideological control and consent.

77
Q

What is patriarchy?

A

A pervasive and complex system where men control the social, political and economic resources of society.

78
Q

What is ruling?

A

The exercise of power shaping people’s actions.

79
Q

What is discourse?

A

A system of meaning that governs how we think, act, and speak about a particular thing or issue.

80
Q

What is discipline?

A

The means by which we become motivated to produce particular realities.

81
Q

What is normalization?

A

A social process by which some practices and ways of living are marked as “normal” and others are marked as “abnormal.”

82
Q

What is identity?

A

Our sense of self, which is socially produced, is fluid, and is multiple.

83
Q

What is imperialism?

A

The conquest of land, resources, and people’s labour; the ideas, practices, and attitudes of colonizers.

84
Q

What is colonialism?

A

The effects of imperialism, including concrete and ideological effects, within colonized territories.

85
Q

What is Orientalism

A

Said’s concept of a discourse of power that creates a false distinction between superior West and an inferior East.

86
Q

How many tenants does the critical race theory have?

A

6

87
Q

What is research?

A

A systematic approach to gathering data using an agreed-upon set of methods

88
Q

What is the Indigenous theory?

A

Understandings of the world generated by Indigenous people and communities

89
Q

What is the Indigenist theory

A

Theoretical perspectives that advocate for Indigenous peoples and communities.

90
Q

What is Inductive logic

A

A system of reasoning that moves from data to the formation of a theory

91
Q

What is deductive logic?

A

A system of reasoning that moves from theory to theory to the formulation of hypothesis for testing

92
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A tentative statement about a particular relationship (between objects, people, or groups of people) that can be tested empirically.

93
Q

What are variables?

A

Characteristics of objects , people, or groups of people that can be measured.

94
Q

What is operational definition?

A

A description of something that allows it to be measured.

95
Q

What is validity?

A

The accuracy of a given measurement.

96
Q

What is reliability?

A

The consistency of a given result

97
Q

What is a correlation?

A

A measure of how strongly two variables are related to each other.

98
Q

What is causality?

A

Relationship in which one variable causes a change in another variable.

99
Q

What is spurious correlation?

A

A false correlation between two or more variables, even though it appears to be true.

100
Q

What is research population?

A

A group of people that a researcher wishes to learn something about.

101
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of the larger research population.

102
Q

What are research methods?

A

Strategies used to collect data.

103
Q

What is a survey?

A

A research method in which respondents answer pre-set questions.

104
Q

What are interviews?

A

A research method involving a research asking a series of questions of participants; they may be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.

105
Q

What is participation observation?

A

Active participation by. a researcher in a researcher in a research setting; combines observation and participation in daily life activities of research subjects (also known as fieldwork).

106
Q

What is content analysis?

A

A research method involving analysis of texts.

107
Q

What is secondary analysis?

A

A research method involving analysis of existing data.

108
Q

What is participatory action research (PAR)?

A

Research that combines an action-oriented goal and the participation of research subjects.

109
Q

What are mixed methods?

A

An approach in which both quantitative procedures are used.

110
Q

What are indigenous research methods?

A

Research practices that are guided by and respectful of Indigenous ways of knowing, living in, and learning about the world.

111
Q

What is triangulation?

A

An approach in which more than one research method is used in an attempt to more fully understand an area of study.

112
Q

What is culture?

A

A complex collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, and material objects shared by an group and passed on from one generation to the next.

113
Q

What is the cultural brain hypothesis?

A

The theory that culture influenced the size of the human brain.

114
Q

What are hominid ancestors?

A

Our human ancestors

115
Q

What are Homo sapiens

A

Modern human beings.

116
Q

What is material culture?

A

The tangible artifacts and physical objects found in a given culture.

117
Q

What is nonmaterial culture?

A

The intangible and abstract components of a society, including values and norms.

118
Q

What are values?

A

Cultural beliefs about ideal goals and behaviours that serve as standards for social life and that identify something as right, desirable and moral.

119
Q

What are norms?

A

Culturally defined rules that outline appropriate behaviours.

120
Q

What are folkways?

A

Informal norms that suggest customary ways of behaving.

121
Q

What are are mores?

A

Norms that carry a strong sense of social importance and necessity.

122
Q

What is taboo?

A

A prohibition on actions deemed immoral or disgusting.

123
Q

What is the law?

A

A type of norm that is formally defined and enacted in legislation.

124
Q

What is a sanction?

A

A penalty for norm violation or a reward for norm adherence.

125
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to all others.

126
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Appreciation that all cultures have their own mores, norms, and customs and should be evaluated and understood on their own terms, rather than according to one’s own cultural standards.

127
Q

What is culture shock?

A

The feeling of disorientation, alienation, depression, and loneliness experienced when entering a culture very different from one’s own.

128
Q

What is a symbol?

A

Something that stands for, or represents something else.

129
Q

What is language?

A

A shared symbol system of rules and meanings that governs the production and interpretation of speech.

130
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A

The assertion that language influences how we perceive the world (also known as linguistic determination.

131
Q

What is linguistic determination?

A

Language determination how we perceive the world.

132
Q

What linguistic relativism?

A

Language reflects how we perceive the world.

133
Q

What are micro-expressions?

A

Largely uncontrollable, instantaneous full-face emotional reactions.

134
Q

What is subculture?

A

A group within a population whose values, norms, folkways, or mores set them apart from the dominant culture.

135
Q

What is counterculture?

A

A type of subculture that strongly opposes the widely held cultural patterns of the larger population.

136
Q

What is discovery?

A

Occurs when something previously unrecognized or reinterpreted is found to have social or cultural applications.

137
Q

What is invention?

A

Occurs when existing cultural items are manipulated or modified to produce something new and socially valuable.

138
Q

What is innovation?

A

Refers to manipulating existing ideas or technologies to create something new, or to applying the to something for which they were not originally intended.

139
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Occurs when cultural items or practices are transmitted from one group to another.

140
Q

What are cultural universals?

A

Common cultural features found in all societies.

141
Q

What is cultural adaptation?

A

The process by which environmental pressures are addressed through changes in practices, traditions, and, and behaviours.

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