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Epi > Mid term > Flashcards

Mid term Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive studies are primarily ..

A

hypothesis formulating

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2
Q

Studies that fall under descriptive studies

A
  • ecological or correlational studies
  • case reports & case series
  • cross sectional studies or surveys
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3
Q

Analytic studies are primarily…

A

hypothesis testing

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4
Q

Studies that fall under analytic are

A
  • observational
  • intervention
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5
Q

Types of observational studies

A
  • case control
  • cohort
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6
Q

Types of intervention

A

randomized clinical trials (RCTs)

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7
Q

Descriptive design strategies

A
  • who, what , where, when
  • describe characteristics
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8
Q

Descriptive studies definition

A

primarily useful for formulation of hypothesis to be subsequently tested in analytic studies

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9
Q

Analytic design studies

A

-why
- search for factors associated with or predictive of outcome

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10
Q

Analytic studies definition

A

among individuals with appropriate comparison group, with appropriate time sequence

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11
Q

observational studies exposures…

A

are self selected

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12
Q

case control initial selection…

A

on basis of exposure status

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13
Q

Interventional studies exposures…

A

are allocated by investigator

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14
Q

Mortality in 90s

A
  1. pneumonia
  2. tuberculosis
  3. diarrhea & enteritis
  4. heart disease
  5. chronic nephritis
  6. unintentional injury
  7. stroke
  8. disease of early infancy
  9. cancer
  10. diphtheria
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15
Q

Mortality today

A
  1. heart disease
  2. cancer
  3. accidents
  4. chronic lower respiratory disease
  5. stroke
  6. Alzheimers disease
  7. diabetes
  8. influenza & pneumonia
  9. kidney disease
  10. suicide
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16
Q

measure of disease frequency are

A
  • prevalence
  • incidence
17
Q

The measure of disease frequency is the

A

number of different measures of frequency of morbidity & mortality but most fall into : incidence & prevalence

18
Q

Incidence is

A

the DEVELOPMENT of a disease among those who are free of disease (at risk) over a given time period

19
Q

Prevalence is

A

like a snapshot of the proportion of who EXIST with the disease at a point in time.

20
Q

two primary measures of incidence

A
  • cumulative incidence
  • incidence rate
21
Q

Cumulative incidence

A

the proportion of those who are disease free, who become diseased by the end of a specified period of observation

22
Q

Cumulative incidence formula

A

CI = number of new cases developing in a specific time period / tot pop at risk

23
Q

CI ( total pop at risk )

A

free of disease of interest & at risk of development

24
Q

CI (specific time period )

A
  • CI not interpretable unless time period is indicated
  • everyone is followed for the same time period
25
Q

Incidence rate

A

rate at which new cases of disease occur in a pop at risk for the disease

26
Q

Incidence rate formula

A

IR = # of new cases developing over the study period / tot person time of observation

27
Q

IR ( pop risk )

A

initially free of disease being studies

28
Q

IR (new cases)

A

measure incidence of change in status from non case to case

29
Q

IR (rate )

A
  • time is intrinsic to measure
  • true rate of development of disease
30
Q

Prevalence formula

A

P = # of persons existing w disease / # of persons in tot pop

31
Q

prevalence (tot pop)

A

denominator composed of diseased & non diseased

32
Q

prevalence ( existing cases)

A

could be new cases, could be pre existing

33
Q

prevalence cases

A

provides information about a populations current disease status

34
Q

prevalence (point in time )

A
  • time point must be indicated when reporting prevalence
  • could be chronological; life event , life period
35
Q

Prevalence keys

A

existing & proportion

36
Q

Prevalence combined formula

A

P= I x (average duration)

  • under steady state

Epi (1 decks)

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