Mid Term Flashcards
Temperament consists of…
energy levels, mood and demeanor, and emotional responsiveness
Born (with/without) personality
With
Personality
a fundamental form of temperament
Cultural Expectations
Culture has a direct influence on children
Socialization
members of a cultural group work hard to help children adopt the behaviors and beliefs that the group holds dear
Attatchment
a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space
Harlow’s experiment
monkey wants comfort, not food
Bowlby
found that we have a universal bond at birth that we seek connection
Attachment Disorder
caregiver doesn’t attach to child or child doesn’t attach to caregiver - want a reciprocal process
Permissive
low expectations, high sensitivity
Neglectful
low expectations, low sensitivity
Authoritarian
High expectations, low sensitivity
Authoritative
High expectations, high sensitivity
How many stages to Erikson’s theory?
8
trust vs mistrust
0-1
learn whether other people regularly satisfy basic needs
autonomy vs shame and doubt
1-3
toddlers grow muscular control and can satisfy own needs.. Caregivers encourage self-sufficient behavior, toddlers develop a sense of autonomy
initiative vs guilt
3-5
preschoolers have choices about activities they pursue. Caregivers encourage and support children’s efforts while also helping them make realistic and appropriate choices
industry vs inferiority
6-12
Children have opportunities to achieve recognition of teachers, parents, and peers by producing things
identity vs role confusion
12-18
Adolescents begin to ponder roles they may play in the adult world, body image important
intimacy vs isolation
18-40
ready to make long-term social commitments
generativity vs stagnation
40-65
contributing to society and helping to guide future generations
integrity vs despair
65+
look back on lives and accomplishments
identity diffusion
no commitment to a particular career path or ideological belief system
foreclosure
firm commitment to a particular career path or ideological belief system
moratorium
no strong commitment to a particular career or set of beliefs but is actively exploring and considering
identity achievement
successful establishment of a coherent and integrated sense of self, characterized by a clear understanding of one’s values, goals, beliefs, and sense of identity
self concept
assessments of one’s own characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses - who we are overall
self-esteem
judgments and feelings about one’s own value and worth - how I feel about myself
self-efficacy
you believe you can do it yourself (the little train that could)
imaginary audience
thinking you are the center of attention, young teenagers are often preoccupied by their physical appearance and can be quite self-critical
personal fable
young teens often believe that they are completely unlike anyone else - think that no one else has experienced as intense emotions as they feel about thwarted goals or failed relationships
self-socialization
put pressure on themselves to adopt behaviors a child believes to be critical for gaining favor with important peers
self cognition
Process of thinking about how other people are likely to think, act, and react
social information processing
Mental processes involved in making sense of and responding to social events
proactive aggression
deliberately initiate aggressive behaviors as a means of obtaining desired goals - more likely to struggle in friendships
reactive aggression
response to frustration or provocation
Children are _______ and _____________ learners
active & motivated
Children __________ rather than ________ knowledge
construct, absorb
Assimilation
responding to or thinking about an object or event in a way that’s consistent with one’s current way of thinking (Same Schema)
accommodation
adjust current ways of thinking to make better sense of newly learned information (Create Change)
equilibration
the process of moving from equilibrium to disequilibrium (mental discomfort that stimulates them to try to make sense of what they’re observing) to equilibrium
how many stages of cognitive development?
4
sensorimotor stage
0-2
Children gather information about the world through their senses
Active as they discover how to move their body around
Object permanence: do not realize that objects still exist even if they cannot see them
preoperational stage
2-7
Imagining things
Pretend play, symbols to represent things
Language skills - vocabularies serve as symbols
egocentrism
do not understand that people have a different view from you
concrete operational
Age 6-12
Operations: Thought processes become organized into larger systems of mental processes
Can understand conservation
formal operational
12-adulthood
Can think about concepts that have little or no basis in concrete reality - abstract concepts, hypothetical ideas, contrary-to-fact statements
Scientific reasoning improves: reasoning logically about hypothetical ideas, formulating multiple hypotheses, and separating and controlling variables…scientific method: can test several possible explanations for an observed phenomenon in a systematic manner
An ability to envision how the world might be different from the way it actually is
schema
mental framework that helps individuals organize, process, and store information about their environment
cognitive constructivism
children construct their own beliefs and understanding from their experiences
Vygotsky’s basic assumptions
-Studied the social aspects of cognitive development
-Believed adults in society foster a child’s cognitive development.
-Emphasized the influence of social and cultural factors on a child’s cognitive growth.
-His perspective is known as sociocultural theory.
-Play allows children to cognitively “stretch” themselves
scaffolding
a theory that focuses on a student’s ability to learn information through the help of a more informed individual
phonology
The study of the patterns and sounds in a language
semantics
Meanings of words
syntax
Understanding the correct structure of words and
sentences
pragmatics
Learning the social conventions of using a language to communicate
