Mid-term

Question 1

Name the five landscape layer classifications

Answer 1

1. Substrate
2. Landform
3. Land cover
4. Network
5. Settlement

Question 2

What are the differences between a bog and a fen?

Answer 2

• Fen is on the same level as the groundwater table, bog is above
• Fen’s water is supplied by groundwater, bog by rainwater
• Fen is mesotrophic/eutrophic (moderately) rich in nutrients, bog is oligotrophic and poor in nutrients
• Vegetation types fen: reed, sedge, alder. Bog: sphagnum, cotton grass
• Excavation of fen through dredging, bog through draining
• Resulting landscape fen: lakes and strips of land. Bog: Veenkolonien

Question 3

Name the four different pedogenesis processes

Answer 3

Transformation
Translocation
Additions
Losses

Question 4

What are the (5) soil forming factors?

Answer 4

1. Parent material
2. Climate (a.o. water, frost, weathering)
3. Topograhpy (i.c.w. water and sun)
4. Flora and fauna - physical and chemical
5. Time

Question 5

Which of the 5 soil forming factors belongs to geogenesis?

Answer 5

Parent material

Question 6

What are the five orders of the Dutch soil classification system?

Answer 6

Peat soils (veen)
Podzol soils (podzol)
Brick soils (brik)
Earth soils (aarde)
Vague soils (vaag)

Question 7

What are the different layers (horizons) of a soil

Answer 7

O horizon
A horizon
E horizon
B horizon
C horizon
R bedrock

Question 8

What is geogenesis?

Answer 8

Soil formation driven by external factors that are not influenced by the existing soil or ground material

Question 9

What is pedogenesis?

Answer 9

The whole of processes of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history after the material has been deposited

Question 10

Which elements are part of the triangular landscape model?

Answer 10

Cultural factors (people)
Abiotic factors (geology)
Biotic factors (nature)

Question 11

Which four landscape approaches are there?

Answer 11

Bird’s eye perspective
Interior perspective
Inner perspective
Transcendental perspective

Question 12

In which time period were the low landscape and the high handscapes in the Netherlands formed?

Answer 12

Low: Holocene (12.000-10.000y ago)
High: Pleistocene (2.58 million-12.000y ago)

Question 13

How did Pleistocene Netherlands mostly develop?

Answer 13

Glacial and periglacial conditions

Question 14

How did Holocene Netherlands mostly develop?

Answer 14

River deposits, marine deposits, peat formation, people

Question 15

What are the three different Milankovitch cycle occurrences?

Answer 15

Eccentricity: distance to the sun
Obliquity: angle of the axis
Precision: axis rotation

Question 16

What is the equilibrium line?

Answer 16

The line at which snow does not entirely melt during summer. It separates the accumulation and ablation areas

Question 17

What is the difference between accumulation and ablation area?

Answer 17

Accumulation is where more snow falls than melts. Ablation is where less snow falls then melts.

Question 18

Which ages most influenced the Dutch (and surrounding) landscapes?

Answer 18

Weichselian, Saalian, and Elsterian

Question 19

Which occurrences mainly define the Elsterian?

Answer 19

First evidence of ice sheets -> tunnel valleys
High pressure water flows
Subglacial erosion
Sediment filling
Lake sediments
Fine clay and sands
Peelo formation
Meuse tributary of the Rhine
Origin of the strait of Dover

Question 20

Which elements define the Holsteinian?

Answer 20

Comparable with Holocene
Slightly warmer
Rhine shifts northward
Meuse forms two terraces