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Biology 1001 > Mid Term > Flashcards

Mid Term Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What characteristics do viruses have that consider them to be alive

A

Contain nucleic acid, replicate, and can evolve rapidly by natural selection

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2
Q

What charcteristics of viruses consider them to not be alive

A

Viruses do not have a metabolic system, and cannot reproduce on their own, they must invade a host cell to do so

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3
Q

What are the basic features of viruses

A
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4
Q

How do viruses replicate

A

Virus RNA infects cell, reverse transcription occurs and virus genome is replicated into DNA , virus gene is transcribed into RNA, virus RNA is translated into protein and new viruses are produced

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5
Q

Evolutionary origins of HIV

A

AZT is used to treat HIV, it binds to reverse transcriptase and stops the replication of HIV, however reverse transcriptse went through a mutation which gave it the proof reading ability so it is able to detect AZT and remove it

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6
Q

Why is it difficult to erradicate viral diseases

A

Because they have high mutation rates and are always evolving, it is diffucult to create a vaccine that accounts for all variants

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7
Q

How did HIV become drug resistant

A

HIV developed a mutation that is resistant to AZT (random), this mutation was favored by the environment (natural selection) so it reproduced more

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8
Q

Why will the effectiveness of ant-viral deug treatment decrease over time

A

HIV has a high mutation rate, because of this there are many variants and variants that are resistant to the drugs can be a result of this

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9
Q

Principles underlying evolution by natural selection:

A

mutations in the population are random, these mutations create genetic variation, the variants that are more likely to survive reproduce more resulting in a change of the genotype of the population

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10
Q

Why are multiple drugs used to treat HIV

A

Multiple drugs target different areas of the HIV life cycle, making it harder for the virus to evolve

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11
Q

What is a scientific theory

A

A coherent set of testable hypotheses that attempt to explain facts about the natural world

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12
Q

What is a belief system?

A

A set of beliefs which together form the basis of a religion, moral code, or philosophy
-does not rely on evidence

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13
Q

What evidence supports evolution

A

biogeography, comparative morphology, geology, fossils

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14
Q

Biogeography

A

Similar species are fiund in distant places-a common ancestor changed over time into different forms

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15
Q

Comparative morphology

A

when compared bone structure of different species are similar-com from one common ancestor

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16
Q

Vestigal structures

A

Structures that aren’t useful

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17
Q

Geology

A

Geological change is slow, this is evidence that earth is billions of years old-plenty of time for evolutionary change

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18
Q

Fossils

A

Many forms of life existed then but have since gone extinct, evidence that life is different from the pasr

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19
Q

Darwins contribution to theory of evolution

A

There is variation for traits in a population, individuals whose traits allow them to better survive and leave more offspring are favoured, overtime individuals with thesw traits become more common

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20
Q

Evolution is variational

A

individual vary in their traits this is passed on, individuals cannot change and then pass on these characteristics

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21
Q

What are some misconceptions about the theory of evolution

A

Evolution does not occur gradually, selection is targeted to a specific goal, evolution results in organisms perfectly suited for their environment, the fittest indivuals are the fastest, strongest, and largest

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22
Q

Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells

A

DNA is packaged into a singular circular chromosome located in a central region called the nucleoid

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23
Q

Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells

A

The nucleus

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24
Q

Phases of cell cycle of prokaryotic cells

A

DNA replication,

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25
Q

Phases of cell cycle of eukaryotic cells

A
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26
Q

Stages of mitosis

A
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27
Q

Stages of meiosis

A
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28
Q

DNA recombination in prophase of meiosis

A
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29
Q

Randomness of alignment of homologous pairs in metaphase I

A
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30
Q

Distance between genes and recombination

A
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31
Q

Cell cycle phases

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

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32
Q

What occurs during G1

A

cell growth before DNA replicates

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33
Q

What occurs during S phase

A

DNA replicates and chromosomal proteins are duplicated

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34
Q

G2

A

After DNA is replicated the cell prepares for division

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35
Q

Why do cells divide

A

When a cell grows the volume becomes greater than the surface area, the plasma membrane is responsible for all cell mechanisms, the surface area must keep up with the volume of cell for it to get all the proper nutrients at one point the surface area cannot keep up

36
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint 1

A

between G1 and S, checkpoint proteins make sure no mutations are present

37
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint 2

A

right before mitosis, makes sure there were no errors in synthesis, if there were the errors are corrected, if the errors cannot be corrected, apoptosis occurs

38
Q

Cell cycle checkpoint 3

A

Between metaphase and anaphase, makes sure spindles are attached properly so chromatids can be pulled apart properly

39
Q

What is positive regulation

A

pushes cell cycle to go

40
Q

What is negative regulation

A

Inhibits cell cycle

41
Q

Process of positive regulation

A

Cyclin and CDK bind together, Cyclin-CDK complex becomes phosphorylated, the complex phosphorylates the target protein, the target protein is now active and moves cell into next stage of the cell cycle

42
Q

Process of negative regulation

A

p53 detects DNA damage and increases p21 expression by binding to the promoter, p21 binds to Cyclin-CDK and inactivates it, the complex cannot phosphorylate target proteins

43
Q

What is the risk of any protein involved at the cell cycle checkpoints not functioning properly (be specific)?

A

developmental defects, cancer

44
Q

Why is p53 considered to be the guardian of the genome

A

p53 detects damages in the cell and repairs them, if p53 cannot repair it triggers apoptosis.

45
Q

What risks are associated with p53

A

If p53 is mutated it cannot stop the cell cycle, the cell cycle will continue to divide uncontrollably. This could lead to cancer

46
Q

Prophase

A

centrosome divides into two parts and move to opposite ends of cell, begins to develop spindles and nucleus begins to shrink

47
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align themselves in the middle

48
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids begin to seperate to opposite ends (spindles pull them apart)

49
Q

Telophase

A

Chromatins unfold and spindles disassembles, return to interphase

50
Q

Interphase

A

Regular growth period, where the cell spends most of its life cycle

51
Q

What does mitosis ensure in future generations

A

Future generations are identical (genetic composition and identical chromosome set)

52
Q

When would cells be programmed to die by apoptosis

A

If DNA damage cannot be repaired

53
Q

Aneuplody

A

uneven distribution of chromosomes

54
Q

Difference between meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis-genetically identical, 1 division, 2 daughter cells, diploid no recombination
Meiosis- genetically distinct gametes, 2 cell divisions, 4 daughter cells, haploid, recombination

55
Q

Why is meiosis I reductional

A

A haploid is produced from diploid-the number of chromosomes decreases

56
Q

Why is meioisis II equational

A

The number of chromosomes stay the same

57
Q

Characteristics of homologous chromosomes

A

Same structural features, the same genes at same loci positions (one from mom one from dad)

58
Q

Mechanism of recombination

A

Homologous chromosomes pair, they arrange themselves on top of each other, homologous chromatids crossover and exchange segments (genetic material changes), the pair seperates at first meiotic division

59
Q

Mechanism by which recombination creates novel combinations of alleles

A

Every chromosome undergoes at least one recombination, new combinations of alleles are created

60
Q

Linked genes

A

If genes are close to each other they are more likely to be inherited together, crossover is more likely to occur where there is more space

61
Q

What are mechanisms that give rise to variation in meiosis

A

Independant assortment, random fertilization

62
Q

Independant assortment

A

alleles of two or more diffrent genes get sorted into gametes independantly of one another

63
Q

Random fertilization

A

any ranom combination of sperm and egg cell

64
Q

Mechanisms giving rise to aneuploid products of meiosis

A

non-disjunction (unequal distribution)

65
Q

Relationship between age of an oocyte and the risk of offspring having Down Syndrome

A

The older the oocyte the higher chance of down syndrome

66
Q

Animal life cycle

A

meiois to form gametes, gametes are fertilized to create a zygote, zygote undergoes mitosis

67
Q

Plant and fungi life cycle

A

meiois to form spore, spore undergoes mitosis to form gametophyte, gametophyte undrgos mitosis to form gamete, gamete fertilized to form zygote, zygote undergoes mitosis to form sporophyte

68
Q

Life cycle of fungi and algae

A

meiois to form spore, spore undergoes mitosis to form gametophyte, gametophyte undergoes mitosis to form gametes, gametes fertilized to form zygote

69
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

70
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

71
Q

Direction of movement of DNA polymerase on template strands

A

3’-5’

72
Q

Meaning of semi-conservative, leading strand and lagging strand

A

Each DNA double helix acts as a template for synthesis of new strand

73
Q

3’ vs 5’ polarity of nucleic acid chains involved in DNA replication

A
74
Q

Direction of elongation of a given DNA strand

A

5’-3’

75
Q

Main features of chromosome anatomy

A

chromatids, centromeres

76
Q

what is n

A

number of unique nuclear chromosomes present in an organism (coefficient tells us the number of unique sets)

77
Q

What is c

A

Amount of DNA in one genome (coeeficient tells us the number of copies of the entire genome)

78
Q

How does coefficient of n change throughout cell cycle

A

Stays the same

79
Q

How does coeeficient of c change throughout cell cycle

A

doubles at s phase and goes back after m

80
Q

C-value paradox

A

genome does not dictate complexity

81
Q

Structures of DNA

A
82
Q

mechanism Structures that ensure inheritance of sameness

A
83
Q

Structure of replication bubble

A
84
Q

cell senescence

A
85
Q

why chromosome shorten at replication

A
86
Q

telomerase action

A

Biology 1001 (1 decks)

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