Mid term Flashcards
1
Q
Nucleolus
A
pre-ribosomes
2
Q
Nucleus
A
DNA storage
3
Q
Ribosomes
A
translation
4
Q
Vesicles
A
transport
5
Q
Rough ER
A
protein production
6
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
protein modification and export
7
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
cell movement and stability
8
Q
Smooth ER
A
lipid production, detoxification
9
Q
Mitochondria
A
energy production (ATP)
10
Q
Vacuole
A
storage, transportation, homeostasis
11
Q
Cytosol
A
liquid matrix around organelles (water, ions, macros)
12
Q
Lysosome
A
protein destruction
13
Q
Centrosome
A
regulates cell cycle
14
Q
Cell membrane
A
outer most layer, protection
15
Q
Interphase
A
the chromosomes are extended and in use during the G1, S, and G2 phases
16
Q
Prophase
A
the chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelop breaks down, and the spindle forms
17
Q
Metaphase
A
the chromosomes line up on the central plane of the cell
18
Q
Cytokinesis
A
the cytoplasm of the cell is cleaved in half
19
Q
Telophase
A
the chromosomes uncoil, and a new nuclear envelope forms. The spindle fibers disappear
20
Q
Anaphase
A
the centromeres divide, and the chromatids move toward opposite poles
21
Q
4 types of tissue
A
connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
22
Q
Connective
A
supports, connects, separates
- tendon, ligament, cartilage, bone, adipose
23
Q
Epithelial
A
protection, secretion, absorption, filtration
- skin, intestines, body cavities, blood vessels
24
Q
Muscle
A
contraction
-skeletal, smooth (intestine, stomach, eye) cardiac
25
Nervous
communication
-Neuron - central and peripheral nervous systems
26
Homeostasis
maintaining internal stability due to coordinated responses of parts of the body to any situation or stimulus that would disrupt normal conditions or functions
27
What are homeostatic factors?
nutrient concentrations, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products (NH4, acids, cell debris), pH, water, salt, electrolytes, temperature, fluid volume, pressure
28
What is an example of homeostasis?
rise of glucose in the body, insulin is released into the blood, cells take up glucose, remove it from blood, blood glucose returns to set-point, insulin secretion stops
-The body becomes hot and you start to sweat
29
Where is the axial skeleton?
the midline of the body
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum
30
Appendicular System
arms and legs
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
31
Long bones
tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals
32
Short bones
tarsals, carpals
33
Irregular bones
vertebrae, sacrum
34
Flat bones
cranium, ilium, sternum, rib cage
35
Bone marrow
hematopoiesis
36
Periosteum
fibrous outer layer of bone
37
Inner layer
osteocytes
38
Bone marrow
the site of cell production
39
(Bone Marrow) Red- hematopoietic
produces red blood cells and white, found in flat bones and ends of long bones
40
(Bone Marrow) Yellow- stromal
produces fat, cartilage, and bone
irregular and short bone and center of long bones
41
What is the vertebral column?
a series of vertebrae
42
Where is the cervical?
the neck, the alas and axis support the head
43
Where is the thoracic?
chest region
44
Where is the lumbar?
the loin region
45
Where is the sacral region?
usually fused into one solid bone - sacrum
sits with the pelvic girdle
46
Where is the coccygeal?
tail region, coccyx
47
The skull has how many bones fused together?
30
48
What is the skulls purpose?
protect brain and sensory organs
49
Cranium
encloses brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital bones
50
Maxilla
form facial bones
51
Zygomatic arch
form the cheekbones
52
Palate
separate nasal cavity from mouth
53
Sinuses
behind nasal cavity and connect to palate
54
Foramen Magnum
base of cranium where spinal cord attaches
55
Mandible
lower jaw
56
True rib
ribs attached to sternum
57
False rib
attached to rib in front by cartilage
58
Floating rib
not attached in the front at all
59
The pelvic girdle/pelvis
attaches to hind libs, supports intestines, bladder, and internal sex organs
60
What is the os coxae?
the hip bone
61
The ileum, ishium, and pubis form what?
the acetabulum
62
Pectoral Girdle
attached to forelimbs, is the attachment site for muscles, of the upper, back, chest, and neck
consists of the scapulas and clavicles
63
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
elongated/cylindrical
multi-nucleated
peripheral nuclei
striated
fast action
64
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
elongated/branched
one/two nuclei
central nuclei
intercalated discs
fast
65
Characteristics of smooth muscle
spindle
one nucleus
central nuclei
slow
66
Where are the nuclei located in a smooth muscle?
central
67
Where are the nuclei located in a cardiac muscle?
Central
68
Where are the nuclei located in a skeletal muscle?
peripheral
69
Maximus
largest
70
Minimus
shortest
71
Longus
long
72
Brevis
short
73
Rectus
Straight
74
Transverse
across
75
Tendons
fibrous band of tissue that attaches muscle to bone
76
Aponeuroses
sheet like layers of connective tissue
muscle to muscle/muscle to bone
77
Central nervous system consists of
the brain and the spinal cord
78
Peripheral nervous system consists of
motor neurons and sensory neurons
79
Motor neurons consists of the
somatic and autonomic nervous system
80
The autonomic nervous system consists of the
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
81
Sympathetic division
fight or flight
82
Parasympathetic division
rest or digest
83
Somatic voluntary control has what two nerves?
afferent and efferent
84
What are the major sensory organs?
touch, taste, vision, hearing, smell
85
Meninges
protective layers protecting the brain and spinal cord
86
Gyrus
ridges in the cerebral cortex
87
Sulcus
depression or grove in cerebral cortex
88
Longitudinal fissure
divides cerebrum into left and right hemisphere
89
What are the lobes of the brain?
occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
90
What are the parts of the hindbrain?
Pons, medulla, cerebellum
91
What does pons control?
breathing, sensations
92
What does the medulla control?
body maintenance and survival
93
What does the cerebellum control?
movement, control, coordination
94
Parts of the midbrain
cranial and caudal colliculus -sensory information
vision, hearing, motor control
95
Parts of the forebrain
cerebral cortex, pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus
96
Cerebral cortex -
memory, attention, perception, awareness, etc.
97
Pituitary Gland -
growth and development
endocrine function
98
Thalamus -
relays information between sensory organs and cortex
99
Hypothalamus -
autonomic system
hormone secretion/regulation
100
The spinal cord extends from
medulla oblongata to the lumbar vertebrae
101
The spinal cord is protected by...
bones, meninges and dura matter
102
The spinal cord provides communication between...
central and peripheral nervous system
103
The spinal cord has..
bundle of nerve fibers (dorsal root ganglia)
104
Spinal cord + vertebrae =
spinal
105
What is endocrinology?
branch of physiology concerned with endocrine glands and hromones
106
Endocrine glands:
the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
107
What are hormones?
chemical messengers created and secreted by endocrine glands, they travel throughout the body, work in small concentrations, and serve various physiological functions
108
Receptors can be located on:
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
109
Amine hormones
hormones derived from the AA tyrosine
110
Peptide hormones
chain of amino acids
111
Protein hormones
hormones that consist of peptides
112
Steroid hormones
produced from cholesterol
113
Peptide hormones:
cannot pass through cell membranes, have receptors located on outside of cell membrane, acts within minutes of release, triggers a cascade of events within the cell that results in enzymatic activity yielding a response
114
Steroid hromones:
lipid solubles- can pass through membrane, receptors are located in cytoplasm and nucleus, effects DNA transcription to change protein synthesis, slower response time, longer lasting effects
115
The effectiveness of a hormone is dependant on...
the biological concentration of the hormone
116
Negative feedback loops
when the hormone elicits a response that decreases hormone release
117
Positive feedback loops
when the hormone elicits a response that increases hormone release
118
Hypothalamus
something that you cannot live without, is responsible for all "releasing hormones"
119
Anterior Pituitary
glandular tissue, blood supply communication, synthesizes and secretes
120
Posterior pituitary
composed of neural tissues, neural stimulation, stores and releases
121
Where are hormones released?
into the bloodstream
122
Hypothalamic-pituitary somatotrophin axis
we need to grow
123
Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis
we are stressed
124
Hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis
we need to regulate
125
Hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis
we need to reproduce
126
Somatotropin
growth hormone
127
Somatostatin
growth inhibiting hormone
128
Thyroid stimulating hormone
secreted from anterior pituitary
129
Corticotropin releasing hormone
from the hypothalamus
130
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
from the anterior pituitary gland
131
Cortisol
from the adrenals
132
Where does the gonadotropin releasing hormone come from?
the hypothalamus
133
The follicular stimulating hormone and the luteinizing hormone come from
the anterior pituitary
134
The posterior pituitary stores and releases...
oxytocin and antiduretic hormone
135
Cranial and Caudal Vena Cava
Large veins that return blood from the body to the heart
136
Pulmonary Veins
Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and bring it back to the heart
137
Pulmonary Arteries
Branch into right and left pulmonary arteries that bring deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs
138
Aorta
Oxygen rich blood exits the heart through the aortic arch and is pumped
systemically
139
Leukocytes-White Blood Cells
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes
140
Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
Erythropoiesis in bone marrow
141
Thrombocytes- Platelets
Megakaryocyte fragments
– Clotting factors
142
Plasma
–90% Water
–Electrolytes, hormones, waste, etc.
–Carrier proteins
