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Earths Resources Midterm > Mid-Term > Flashcards

Mid-Term Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human population of the Earth now?

A

7.9 billion (8 billion)

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2
Q

Approximately what was the 2019 UN medium projected population for the year 2100?

A

11 billion

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3
Q

Doubling time for 3% growth rate?

About 2.5 years

About 25 years

About 250 years

About 2500 years

A

About 25 years

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4
Q

Time for factor of 10 increase?

About 25 years

About 75 years

About 225 years

About 675 years

A

About 75 years

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5
Q

How much of the oil that has ever been burned, has been burned in Prof. Kelemen’s lifetime (65 years)?

about 10%

about 25%

about 50%

about 95%

A

about 95%

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6
Q

If your children choose to continue this trend, and use more than 95% of all the oil that has ever been used by 2085, how much more will you have to find, extract and use by then?

5x more

10x more

20x more

50x more

A

20x more

approx 95% used from 1956 to 2020
(95 in 65 years + 5 before)/(5 before) = 20x

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7
Q

What is an external cost?

cost of installing scrubbers on the outside of smokestacks

money paid for commodities from an external source

cost of producing a commodity that is born by “the public”

A

cost of producing a commodity that is born by “the public”

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8
Q

In acid rain, the pH is

lower than normal

higher than normal

A

lower than normal

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9
Q

Emissions from burning coal, smelting copper, etc, that cause acid rain include

Sulfur oxides

Nitrogen oxides

Steam

a+b

all of the above

A

a+b Sulfur oxides & Nitrogen oxides

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10
Q

Which is not one of the four main layers in the solid Earth?

inner core

outer core

cortex

mantle

crust

A

cortex

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11
Q

what types of evidence are used to constrain the composition of the Earth?

the composition of samples from the Earth’s mantle

the composition of carbonaceous chondrites

the fact that the moon is made of green cheese

the composition of the Earth’s crust

a,b,d

A

a,b,d

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12
Q

How was seafloor spreading discovered?

marine magnetic measurements

measurements of magnetism in lake sediments

looking out the window of a submarine

GPS measurements

A

marine magnetic measurements

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13
Q

Is the Earth expanding?

yes

no

A

no

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14
Q

Subduction zones are also called

divergent plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

transform plate boundaries

A

convergent plate boundaries

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15
Q

Mid-ocean ridges are also called

divergent plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

transform plate boundaries

A

divergent plate boundaries

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16
Q

A = true, B = false

continental crust

1) is more dense than oceanic crust
2) is more SiO2 rich than oceanic crust
3) has higher Mg, Fe and Mg/(Mg+Fe) than oceanic crust
4) is thicker than oceanic crust
5) is felsic

A

1) B) False
2) A) True
3) B) False
4) A) True
5) A) True

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17
Q

Where is the youngest oceanic crust?

||| ||||| | |||| ||||||| ||| ||| |||||| ||| ||

A

||| |||

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18
Q

Compared to felsic rocks, mafic rocks have

more SiO2, higher Mg/(Mg+Fe)

less SiO2, lower Mg/(Mg+Fe)

more SiO2, lower Mg/(Mg+Fe)

less SiO2, higher Mg/(Mg+Fe)

A

less SiO2, higher Mg/(Mg+Fe)

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19
Q

Incompatible elements are concentrated in

Magmatic crystals formed at high temperature

Evolving magma undergoing crystallization

A

Evolving magma undergoing crystallization

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20
Q

The most abundant elements in continental crust are

magnesium & silicon

oxygen & magnesium

oxygen & silicon

oxygen & potassium

A

oxygen & silicon

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21
Q

Where are a) compatible elements? b) incompatible?

Felsic (continental crust)

Mafic (oceanic crust)

A

Incompatible elements are in Felsic
continental crust

Compatible elements are in Mafic oceanic crust

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22
Q

Which has Highest T/P?

mid-ocean ridge

volcanic arc above
subduction zone

subduction zone

A

mid-ocean ridge

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23
Q

Which has Lowest T/P?

mid-ocean ridge

volcanic arc above
subduction zone

subduction zone

A

subduction zone

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24
Q

Composition of the early atmosphere: (today’s) volcanic gases are rich in

  • CO2, CO (carbon monoxide)
  • H2S, S2, more rarely SO2
  • Cl2 (chlorine gas) - N2 (nitrogen gas) - H2O, H2 (hydrogen gas)
  • NH4 (ammonia gas)
  • CH4 (methane gas)

What is missing, compared today?

What planets are different then earth?

A

Oxygen O2 & Ozone O3

Mars & Venus

Photosynthetic organism pull from the atmosphere carbon for their shells and bodies. Most of the carbon are in rocks , sedimentary. This changed the surface of the Earth unlike Mars & Venus.

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25
Q

Economically and legally recoverable oil in known deposits

reserve

resource

A

reserve

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26
Q

All of the ultimately recoverable oil on Earth

reserve

resource

A

resource

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27
Q

Compared to CH4 (methane) and other hydrocarbons, CO2 is

A. oxidized

B. reduced

A

A. oxidized

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28
Q

Coal is mainly formed by thermal maturation at depth of

A. oxidized plant material

B. reduced plant material

C. oxidized microbial material

D. reduced microbial material

A

B. reduced plant material

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29
Q

Oil is mainly formed by thermal maturation at depth of

A. oxidized plant material

B. reduced plant material

C. oxidized microbial material

D. reduced microbial material

A

D. reduced microbial material

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30
Q

Combustion AKA oxidation

for example

C + O2 =

CH4 + __O2 =

spontaneous or not?
releases energy in the form of heat?

reduction, not spontaneous,
requires input of energy
(e.g., solar energy, photosynthesis)

A

C + O2 = CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CH4 + _2_O2 = 2H2O + CO2

spontaneous

releases energy

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31
Q

Oil is found

A. On the seafloor near oceanic spreading ridges

B. In ancient igneous rocks of the continental interiors

C. In shallow marine sediments that have been buried below 10 km depth

D. In shallow marine sediments that have been buried at 1 to 4 km depth

A

D. In shallow marine sediments that have been buried at 1 to 4 km depth

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32
Q

The amount of oil that can ever be recovered on Earth is

A. the size of a resource

B. the size of a reserve

A

A. the size of a resource

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33
Q

Mars and Venus have atmospheres with more than 95% CO2, as did the early Earth, whereas at present Earth’s atmosphere contains only 400 ppm CO2 (0.04%). Where is most of the missing carbon?

dissolved in the ocean

in sedimentary rocks

emitted into space

in the core

A

in sedimentary rocks

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34
Q

The acronym EROI (or EROEI) stands for

A. Exceptionally Rash, Obstreperous (exuberant) Investors

B. Energy Returned on (energy) Invested

C. Elephants Rarely Own (extensive) Igloos

D. I don’t know but I am present today

A

B. Energy Returned on (energy) Invested

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35
Q

As production moves from “conventional” to “unconventional” sources of oil, EROI

A. Increases

B. Decreases

A

B. Decreases

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36
Q

According to the US Energy Information Administration, electricity production via conventional combined cycle gas-fired generators is more expensive than via conventional coal-fired generators.

True

False

A

False

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37
Q

The ratio of reserves (in tons) divided by production (in tons per year) has units of

mass

time

distance

volume

A

time

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38
Q

The reserves of a finite, non-renewable resources that is being produced for consumption, always decrease with time.

True

False

A

False

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39
Q

Which country uses more coal than all the other countries in the world combined?

A. India

B. China

C. USA

D. Russia

A

B. China

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40
Q

Rank the following in order of increasing energy density, in terms of Joules per cubic meter

(1) anthracite coal, (2) lignite coal, (3) oil, (4) natural gas at atmospheric pressure

A. 4, 2, 3, 1
B. 1, 2, 3, 4
C. 2, 3, 1, 4
A

A. 4, 2, 3, 1

(4) natural gas at atmospheric pressure
(2) lignite coal
(3) oil
(1) anthracite coal

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41
Q

EROI for tar sands production is

Higher than for conventional oil

Lower than for conventional oil

A

Lower than for conventional oil

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42
Q

EROI for US oil production on average is

Higher than for Saudi Arabian production

Lower than for Saudi Arabian production

A

Lower than for Saudi Arabian production

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43
Q

According to the textbook (2010) the second largest oil reserve country is

Saudi Arabia

USA

Canada

Nigeria

A

Canada

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44
Q

Global oil consumption is

increasing

decreasing

A

decreasing

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45
Q

Global oil reserves are

increasing

decreasing

A

increasing

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46
Q

Global oil formation via maturation of hydrocarbons is

faster than production

slower than production

A

slower than production

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47
Q

Coal is more important than natural gas in US electric power generation

True

False

A

False

48
Q

If the growth rate of shale gas production in the US remained at about 33% per year, approximately how long will it take for production to double?

1 year

2 years

6 years

12 years

A

2 years

THE NATURAL LOG OF 2 IS ABOUT 0.7

49
Q

How long will it take to increase by a factor of 10?

A. 2 years

B. 7 years

C. 15 years

D. 30 years

A

7 years

THE NATURAL LOG OF 10 IS ABOUT 2.3

50
Q

In EIA estimates for 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022, the cost of electric generation in the US using conventional coal-fired power plants has been

lower than for conventional gas-fired power plants

the same as for conventional gas-fired power plants

higher than for conventional gas-fired power plants

A

higher than for conventional gas-fired power plants

51
Q

Coal is more important than natural gas in global electricity generation

True

False

A

True

52
Q

Gas hydrates are found in areas with

more than a few 100 meters of sediment

more than a few 100 meters of water depth

bottom water temperatures less than 10°C

all of the above

A

all of the above

53
Q

In terms of stored energy, gas hydrate resources may exceed all other hydrocarbon resources

True

False

A

True

54
Q

Over the past several decades, global energy consumption has been growing at

1% per year

2-4% per year

4-5% per year

about 10% per year

A

2-4% per year

55
Q

Over the past several decades, the doubling time for global energy consumption has been

8-15 years

23-35 years

40-60 years

more than 100 years

A

23-35 years

56
Q

Over the past century, the time to increase global energy consumption by a factor of 10 has been

a) 40-60 years
b) 76-115 years
c) 125-150 years
d) more than 200 years

A

76-115 years

57
Q

The most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is

H2O

CO2

CH4

NO2

A

H2O

58
Q

The frequency of the approximately 100,000-year cyclicity in global mean temperature is thought to be set by

atmospheric greenhouse gases

variations in sea level

variations in the extent of glaciation and ice caps

variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun

A

variations in the Earth’s orbit around the sun

59
Q

Amplifiers that increase the temperature and CO2 response to changes in the Earth’s orbit and rotation axis include

1) CO2 solubility in seawater increases with increasing temperature
2) CO2 solubility in seawater decreases with increasing temperature

3) continental glaciation and polar ice caps reflect more
incoming solar radiation back into space, compared to rock, soil and open water

4) continental glaciation and polar ice caps absorb more incoming solar radiation, compared to rock, soil and open water

1

1 & 4

2

2 & 3

1 & 3

A

2&3

2) CO2 solubility in seawater decreases with increasing temperature

3) continental glaciation and polar ice caps reflect more
incoming solar radiation back into space, compared to rock, soil and open water

60
Q

Greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, NO2, H2O are

A. nearly transparent to short wave, visible light and absorb long wave, infrared radiation

B. nearly transparent to long wave, infrared radiation,
and absorb short wave, visible light

A

A. nearly transparent to short wave, visible light and absorb long wave, infrared radiation

61
Q

As seawater temperature decreases, the solubility of CO2

A. decreases

B. increases

A

increases

62
Q

The temperature of deep ocean water is

A. hotter than at the surface

B. colder than at the surface

A

colder that at the surface

63
Q

H2O is a greenhouse gas

a. True
b. False

A

True

64
Q

The Medieval Warm Period was

a. A figment of Prof. Kelemen’s imagination

b. Due to greenhouse gas emissions during the
industrial revolution

c. Indicated by data from tree rings and
the shells of marine micro-organisms

A

Indicated by data from tree rings and the shells of marine micro-organisms

65
Q

The pH of the ocean (-log10[H+], lower = more acid, higher = more basic) goes up with increasing CO2 content in the atmosphere.

a. True
b. False

A

False

66
Q

3700 Gt CO2 (3700 billion tons CO2) =

A. about 100 Gt C

B. about 1 trillion tons C

C. about 3700 tons C

D. about 3.7 trillion tons C

A

about 1 trillion tons C

Explanation:

the atomic weight of carbon is 12 gm/mol

the molecular weight of CO2 is 12+2x16=44

mole carbon. weight of CO2

44/12=3.67

67
Q

The IPCC and others have identified the total cumulative emissions of carbon (and other greenhouse gases in equivalent units) that can be emitted, since 1850, without causing the Earth to warm more than 2°C on average

  1. This value is

around 1 billion tons of carbon

around 100 billion tons of carbon

around 1000 billion tons (1 trillion tons) of carbon

around 10,000 billion tons (10 trillion tons) of carbon

A

around 1000 billion tons (1 trillion tons) of carbon

68
Q

At the current rate of increase of greenhouse gas emissions, this cumulative amount will be exceeded

in less than five years

in less than 75 years

in more than 100 years

in more than 1000 years

A

in less than 75 years

69
Q

Estimating the “Social Cost of Carbon” is affected by

a. the uncertainty in the magnitude of temperature change for a given increase in atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases

b. the uncertainty in the magnitude and distribution of
weather changes for a given increase in temperature

c.the uncertainty in the nature,magnitude, and spatial distribution of economic damage resulting from a given increase in temperature, change in climate, and/or
change in ocean pH

d. all of the above

A

all the above

70
Q

Suppose scientists detect a meteorite 10% of the size of the one that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs, that may collide with Earth in about 30 years; some say the chance is 5%, others 95%; polls show that 97% of scientists agree that the chances are greater than 20%; the consequences are uncertain and unevenly distributed geographically, depending on a number of factors and particularly whether this object strikes the oceans or the continents; to deflect the meteorite would require use of 10x more nuclear missiles than currently exist; the cost would be at least 10% of global GDP per year for a decade

within this climate of uncertainty, you know several things

the longer you wait, the less certain you will be about the probability of a collision

the longer you wait, the more difficult it will be to deflect the meteorite

there is a day, but you don’t know when, when it will be too late to deflect the meteorite if this is needed

a+b

b+c

A

b + c

71
Q

Most renewable electricity production is via hydroelectric generation

A. True

B. False

A

True

72
Q

Solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface is orders of magnitude larger than human energy consumption

True

False

A

True

73
Q

Using a turbine to spin a magnet inside a coil of wire is

a generator

an electrical engine

A

a generator

74
Q

Using a current in a coil of wire to spin a magnet is

a generator

an electrical engine

A

an electrical engine

75
Q

Storage options to smooth out intermittent wind and solar
power generation include

I. batteries			IV.	splitting water into H2 and O2
II. 	huge steel fly wheels		
V.  	molten salt
III. 	pumping water uphill		
VI.	compressed air in caves

a) I, III, V
b) I, II, III, IV
c) I,V
d) I, II, III, IV, V, VI (all of the above)

A

a) I,III,IV

batteries
pumping water uphill
molten salt

76
Q

What has been the average spreading rate over the past 50 million years?

(a) 1 meter per year
(b) 10 cm/yr
(c) 1 cm/yr
(d) 1 mm/yr

A

1 cm/yr

500 kilometers = 500,000 meters

500,000 meters/ 50 million years = 0.01 m/yr = 1 cm/yr

77
Q

continental crust

up to 4 billion years old

less than 200 million years old

A

up to 4 billion years old

78
Q

oceanic crust

up to 4 billion years old

less than 200 million years old

A

less than 200 million years old

79
Q

three main kinds of rocks

igneous,

a) cement and asphalt
b) metamorphic and sedimentary
c) sedimentary and limestones
d) this is not fair, I am not from New York

A

metamorphic & sedimentary

80
Q

What gases are major constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere, but minor on Venus and Mars?

chlorine

oxygen

CO2

nitrogen

helium

A

oxygen & nitrogen

81
Q

why does the Earth’s atmosphere have so much more O2 than
on Venus and Mars?

photosynthesis

photosynthesis

a and b

I am not from New York and therefore I don’t know

I am not paying attention at all

A

a & b

82
Q

A reserve is

(a) the amount of a commodity economically and legally extractable today
(b) the amount of a commodity that might be extractable in the future

A

(a) the amount of a commodity that might be extractable in the today

83
Q

The Earth’s early atmosphere, like volcanic gases today, probably did not contain abundant

(a) CO (carbon monoxide)
(b) H2S (hydrogen sulfide)
(c) NH4 (ammonia gas)
(d) H2 (hydrogen gas)
(e) O2 (oxygen gas)

A

O2 (oxygen gas)

84
Q

The most abundant gas in the Martian and Venutian atmosphere (> 90%) is

(a) N2
(b) CO2
(c) O2
(d) H2O
(e) H2S

A

CO2

85
Q

After the most abundant gas in the Earth’s atmosphere, which is N2, the second most abundant gas (> 20%) is

(a) CO2
(b) O2
(c) H2O
(d) H2S

A

b) O2

86
Q

Three types of sedimentary deposits

lions, tigers and bears

cement, concrete and asphalt

clastic, biogenic, evaporite (also abiotic chemical, phosphorous, iron)

this is not fair, I am not from New York

A

clastic, biogenic, evaporite (also abiotic chemical, phosphorous, iron)

87
Q

In the context of the terminology for ”reserve” versus “resource”, a resource is

a) the total ultimately extractable amount of a commodity
b) the unknown amount of a commodity
c) the total amount of a commodity, e.g., Uranium, on Earth

A

the total ultimately extractable amount of a commodity

88
Q

OK, you are oil exploration geologists

where should we look?

a) ancient continental interiors with lots of felsic igneous rocks
b) young oceanic crust near mid-ocean ridges
c) sedimentary rocks more than 1 billion years old

d) thick, undeformed, shallow water sediments along
passive continental margins and in former shallow ocean basins on land

A

d) thick, undeformed, shallow water sediments along

passive continental margins and in former shallow ocean basins on land

89
Q

What is the SI unit for J/s?

a) calories
b) kilobars
c) Watts
d) ergs

A

c) Watts

90
Q

How many seconds in a year?

a) 10^6
b) 10^7
c) 3.15 10^7
d) 31.5 10^8

A

c) 3.15 10^7 ~ 60 seconds x 60 minutes x 24 hours x 365.25 days

91
Q

Oxidation of carbon and hydrocarbons

are spontaneous, releasing energy in the form of heat

not spontaneous, requiring energy input

A

are spontaneous, releasing energy in the form of heat

92
Q

What is the typical temperature and depth interval for oil maturation?

a) 0 to 30°C, 150 m to 1 km
b) 50 to 170°C, 1.5 km to 3.5 km
c) 200 to 300°C, 5 km to 10 km
d) more than 300°C, 15 km to 35 km

A

b) 50 to 170°C, 1.5 km to 3.5 km

93
Q

The amount of oil that can ever be recovered on Earth is

A. the size of a resource

B. the size of a reserve

A

A. the size of a resource

94
Q 
Are carbonates 
e.g., calcite CaCO3, 
dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, 
and magnesite MgCO3,
useful energy resources?

a. no
b. yes

A

a. no

95
Q

Which is a better fuel, coal with a molar carbon/oxygen ratio of 1, or coal with a molar carbon/oxygen ratio of 10?

A. 1 B. 10

A

B. 10

96
Q

EROI for oil from Canadian tar sands is

a) greater than for Saudi Arabian oil
b) less than for Saudi Arabian oil

A

b) less than for Saudi Arabian oil

97
Q

More than 50% of China’s electricity is generated using coal.

a) true (b) false

A

a) true

98
Q

China produces approximately as much concrete and steel as all the other countries in the world combined

a) true (b) false

A

a) true

99
Q

The reserves/production ratio for coal in China is less than 50 years

a) true (b) false

A

a) true

100
Q

Chinese coal imports (small so far) come mainly from

(a) Australia
(b) Russia
(c) the USA
(d) Canada

A

a) Australia

101
Q

An oil or gas reservoir is

a) a site of fluid accumulation beneath an impermeable cap
b) a site of oil and/or gas formation via thermal maturation of sedimentary organic material

A

a) a site of fluid accumulation beneath an impermeable cap

102
Q

Important technological changes in oil production in the past 40 years include

deviating boreholes to yield “horizontal drilling”

hydraulic fracture to enhance permeability

tethered deep water drill platforms

enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using water, CO2, heat, …

all of the above

A

all the above

103
Q

As a result of the changes in (7) the EROI for oil production has gone

a)up (b) down

A

b) down

104
Q

20th century oil production in the US peaked in 1970

a. True
b. False

A

a) true

105
Q

Hubbert predicted that global oil production would peak in 2000. Did it?

(a) yes
(b) no

A

b) no

106
Q

Canadian oil reserves and production come mainly from

(a) shale oil
(b) conventional oil
(c) tar sands

A

c) tar sands

107
Q

In EIA estimates for 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022 & 2023, the cost of electric generation in the US using coal-fired power plants has been

a) lower than for conventional gas-fired power plants
b) the same as for conventional gas-fired power plants
c) higher than for conventional gas-fired power plants

A

c) higher than for conventional gas-fired power plants

108
Q

Human CO2 emissions are now about 40 Gt/yr. Assume CO2 emissions will continue to grow at 2% per year.

  1. How long will it be before emissions double to 80 Gt/yr?

a) 15 years
b) 25 years
c) 35 years
d) 45 years
e) 55 years

A

c) 35 years

109
Q

For every increase of 10 Gt in emissions, atmospheric CO2 rises by about 50 ppm. Atmospheric CO2 in 1925 was at about 300 ppmv. It’s at about 400 ppmv now. Emissions are predicted to increase from 40 Gt/yr now to 80 Gt/yr in 35 years.

When will atmospheric CO2 double compared to 1925, reaching 600 ppmv? To rephrase, when will atmospheric CO2 be 200 ppmv higher than present?

a) 2036
b) 2046
c) 2056
d) 2066
e) 2076.

A

c) 2056

110
Q

If the “climate sensitivity” (increase in temperature for doubling of CO2 in air) is 2.4°C, how much warmer will it be, on average, in 2055 compared to 1925?

a) 0,5°C
b) 1°C
c) 2°C
d) 4°C
e) 8°C

A

c) 2°C

111
Q

Why might the rate of growth of fossil fuel emissions have decreased over the past ten years?

a) decrease in the consumption of of fossil fuels
b) switch from coal to gas in electrical generation
c) big increase in the use of nuclear energy for electricity
d) big decrease in per capita energy consumption

A

b) switch from coal to gas in electrical generation

112
Q

The atomic weight of carbon is 12 grams/mole.
The atomic weight of oxygen is 16 grams per mole.

To convert one mole of carbon to one mole of CO2,
multiply by

a) 12/44 = 0.27
b) 16/12 = 1.33
c) 32/12 = 2.67
d) 44/12 = 3.67
e) 56/12 = 4.67

A

d) 44/12 = 3.67

113
Q

One wedge of added nuclear generation output corresponds to

a) tripling 2005 output
b) 10x 2005 output
c) 100x 2005 output

A

a) tripling 2005 output

114
Q

Incoming solar energy is ____ times larger than current human energy consumption

a) 10
b) 100
c) 1000
d) 10,000
e) 100,000

A

d) 10,000

115
Q

One wedge of added solar generation output corresponds to increasing 2005 output by a factor of 700. One wedge of added wind generation output corresponds to increasing 2005 output by a factor of 40. Globally, people are on track to accomplish both of these goals.

a) True b) False

A

a) True

116
Q

Growth of renewable energy supply is limited by the intermittency of
wind and solar energy. If these technologies become an important part of
the total energy supply, energy storage will be required. Over the past decade,
Growth of energy storage is sufficient to meet this need.

a) True b) False

A

a) True

117
Q

Look at Diagram for
relative proportion of hydrocarbons generated

increasing temperature and depth

Correctly match the letters to the product associated with each zone
a) A – biogenic gas, B – thermogenic gas, C – oil

b) A – thermogenic gas, B – biogenic gas, C – oil
c) A – biogenic gas, B – oil, C – thermogenic gas
d) A – oil, B – biogenic gas, C thermogenic gas

A

c) A – biogenic gas, B – oil, C – thermogenic gas

Earths Resources Midterm (1 decks)

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