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560i Functional Nutrition > Mid term > Flashcards

Mid term Flashcards

1
Q

What are the units fore reporting gut microbes?

A

CFU/mcg/feces

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2
Q

Why are gut microbes reported in units of bacteria / microgram?

A

To express data in integers - easier to understand

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3
Q

What small set of microbes serve as ‘bellwethers’ in the gut microbiome?

A

1) Methanobrevibacter smithii
2) desulfovibrio piger
3) Akkermansia muciniphila

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4
Q

What product of Desulfovibrio piger is thought to confer cardiovascular disease protection?

A

Hydrogen sulfide

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5
Q

What does desulfovibrio piger require for growth and what bacteria supports D. piger growth?

A

1) Condroitin sulfate

2) Clostridium

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6
Q

Why do you want strong levels of butyric acid in stool?

A

Butyric acid is primary energy source for colonocytes - Food for GI

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7
Q

Which target can confer protection against intestinal inflammatory responses when it is present at normal levels?

A

Clostridium spp.

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8
Q

what is the most dominant genus of bacteria in feces?

A

Bacteroides phyllum

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9
Q

what region of the gut has the greatest increase in bacteria growth?

A

Cecum

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10
Q

why is robust growth needed of commensal bacteria to sustain healthy microbiome?

A

excreted via feces w/ each bowel movement

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11
Q

what microbe is needed for infants?

A

bifidobacterium longum

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12
Q

What are the 5 markers of intestinal permeability?

A

1) lactulose/mannitol ratio
2) lippopolysaccharides
3) occludin
4) zonulin
5) actomyosin network

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13
Q

what are the markers of inflammation and immunology on stool testing?

A

1) calprotectin (IBS/IBD)
2) eosinophil proteinx
3) secratory IgA (SIgA)

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14
Q

Why is the term folic acid inappropriate?

A

Synthetic pro-vitamin; must be converted to tetrahydrofolic acid

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15
Q

What form of Vitamin D is used for assessment?

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D serum (L)

bone specific collagen fragments - urine (H)

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16
Q

What are the two forms of Vit. K?

A 
K1 = phylloquinone, plants
K2 = menaquinone, animal tissue
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17
Q

What is the most sensitive marker for Vit. K?

A

under-carboxylated osteocalcin, plasma (elevated > 20%)

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18
Q

How does low selenium and selenoproteins indicate low functioning thyroid gland?

A

Normal functioning of the thyroid gland is dependent on the selenoproteins iodothyronine deiodinase

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19
Q

What amino acid is important with chronic thyroid

insufficiency?

A

Tyrosine

20
Q

What are zinc fingers?

A

Zinc / Protein complexes that interact w/ DNA/RNA and regulate cellular processes

21
Q

What minerals compete with Iron for absorption?

A

Zinc
Copper
Manganese

22
Q

What are the roles of Amino Acids?

A

Protein synthesis
hormone/neurotransmitter production
detoxification
antioxidant protection digestion

23
Q

Why supplement Vit. D w/ Vit. K?

A

Vitamin K catalyzes y-glutamyl carboxylation of PTH. PTH stimulates Vit. D synthesis in Kidney

24
Q

What is the most active form of Vit. E?

A

Alpha tocopherol

25
Q

What process is restricted by falling cellular levels of CoQ10?

A

Electron transport chain for oxidative phosphorylation

26
Q

How does lipoic acid support oxidation?

A

Lipoic acid recycles antioxidants (glutathione and Vit. C)

27
Q

What conditionally essential nutrient is associated with blood sugar dysregulation?

A

Lipoic Acid

28
Q

What markers are indicative of lipoic acid deficiency?

A

elevated pyruvate and lactate

29
Q

What is the role of Carnitine?

A

Carnitine shuttle - transport fatty acids into the mitochondria

30
Q

What are relevant biomarkers for Carnitine?

A

Adipate
Suberate
Ethylmalonate

31
Q

Homocysteine is a marker for what water soluble vitamins?

A

B9

B12

32
Q

What flips conversion down trans-sulfation pathway vs. trahnsmethylation?

A

Increased oxidative stress

B6 required

33
Q

What two non-essential amino acids are required for creatine phosphate?

A

Arginine

Glycine

34
Q

What is produced from methyltransferase enzyme activity?

A

80% - creatine production

30% - lecithin production

35
Q

What abnormal patterns indicate a person is generally deficient in essential fatty acids?

A

low across the board

36
Q

what pattern of fatty acid profile is correlated with metabolic syndrome?

A

’>’ sign in saturated fatty acids.

Elevated C16, C18, C20 fatty acids and low levels of others.

37
Q

Fatty acid nomenclature

A

ALA 18:3n3

18 carbon chain, 3 double bonds starting at the 3rd carbon

38
Q

what are the branched chain amino acids?

A

leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

39
Q

what is the function of BCAA?

A

Peptide/protein synth
Muscle tissue
Source of energy
synthesis of enzymes/proteins

40
Q

What might elevated BCAA indicate?

A

B6 deficiency
Excessive supplementation
Excessive exercise

41
Q

What are key functions of threonine?

A

Synthesizes glycine & serine (B6 required)

Stimulates thymus gland -immunity

42
Q

What are the functions of lysine?

A

Calcium absorption
Carnitine synthesis
growth/repair of muscle
lowers triglycerides

43
Q

What AA produces tyrosine?

A

Phenylalanine

44
Q

What is Tyrosine a precursor to?

A

Thyroid hormone
Melanin
Catecholamines (Dopa, dopamine, norepi, epi)

45
Q

What is tryptophan a precursor to?

A

Serotonin
Melatonin
Niacin (kynurenine pathway)

46
Q

what fatty acid pattern is associated with hypertriglycerima?

A 
Higher fatty acid levels across the board
low lysine (carnitine depressed)

560i Functional Nutrition (1 decks)

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