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Human A&P (B) > Mid Term 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Mid Term 1 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

A neurotransmitter liberated by many peripheral nervous system neurons and some central nervous system neurons. It is excitatory at neuromuscular junctions but inhibitory at some other synapses.

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2
Q

Action Potential (AP)

A

An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber (cell); a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. Also called a nerve action potential or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fiber.

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3
Q

Astrocytes

A

A neuroglial cell having a star shape that particulates in brain development and the metabolism of neurotransmitters, helps form the blood-brain barrier, helps maintain the proper balance of K+ for generation of nerve impulses, and provides a link between neurons and blood vessels.

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Consists of two main divisions (a sympathetic nervous system and a parasympathetic nervous system) and an enteric nervous system. So named because this part of the nervous system was thought to be self-governing or spontaneous.

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5
Q

Axoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of an axon

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6
Q

Axosomatic

A

From axon to cell body

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7
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

That portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

The surface of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4mm thick, consisting of gray matter; arranged in 6 layers of neuronal cell bodies in most areas

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9
Q

Chromatolysis

A

The breakdown of Nissl bodies into finely granular masses in the cell body of a neuron whose axon has been damaged

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10
Q

Continuous Conduction

A

Propagation of an action potential (nerve impulse) in a step-by-step depolarization of each adjacent area of an axon membrane

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11
Q

Convergence

A

A synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of several presynaptic neurons terminate on one postsynaptic neuron. The medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed toward a near object being viewed in order to produce a single image

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12
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

1 of 12 pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through foramina in the skull; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Each is designated by a Roman numeral and a name

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13
Q

Depression

A

Movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly

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14
Q

Divergence

A

A synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of one presynaptic neuron terminate on several postsynaptic neurons

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15
Q

Electrical Excitability

A

Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

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16
Q

Enteric Plexuses

A

The part of the NS that is embedded in the submucosa and muscular layer of the digestive canal; governs motility and secretions of the digestive canal

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17
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Neuroglial cell that covers choroid plexuses and produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); It also lines the ventricles of the brain and probably assists in the circulation of CSF

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18
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called adrenaline

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19
Q

Ganglion

A

A group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the CNS. The plural is Ganglia

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20
Q

Gray Matter

A

Areas in the CNS and Ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; Nissl bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in gray matter.

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21
Q

Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

A

An acute demyelinating disorder in which macrophages strip myelin from axons in the PNS. It is the most common cause of acute paralysis in North America and Europe and may result from the immune system’s response to a bacterial infection. Most patients recover completely or partially, but about 15% remain paralyzed.

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons whose axon extends only for a short distance and contact nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or ganglion; comprise the vast majority of neurons in the body. Also called an association neuron.

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23
Q

Microglial cells

A

Neuroglial cell that carries on phagocytosis

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24
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neuron that conducts impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cords into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands. Also called an efferent neuron.

25
Q

Muscle Action Potential

A

A stimulating impulse that propagates along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules; in skeletal muscle, it is generated by acetylcholine, which increases the permeability of the sarcolemma to cations, especially sodium ions (Na+).

26
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons

27
Q

Myelin Sheath Gaps

A

A space along a myelinated axon between the individual Schwann cells that form the myelin sheath and the neurolemma. Also called a node of Ranvier

28
Q

Nerve

A

A cordlike bundle of neuronal axons and/or dendrites and associated connective tissue coursing together outside the CNS

29
Q

Nerve Action Potential

A

An electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. Also called an Action potential (AP) or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fiber.

30
Q

Nerve Fiber

A

General term for any process (axon or dendrite) projecting from the cell body of a neuron.

31
Q

Nervous System

A

A network of billions of neurons and even more neuroglia that is organized into 2 main divisions: CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) and PNS (Nerves, Ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors outside the central nervous system).

32
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

A malignant tumor that consists of immature nerve cells (neuroblasts); occurs most commonly in the abdomen and most frequently in the suprarenal glands. Although rare, it is the most common tumor in infants.

33
Q

Neurolemma

A

The peripheral, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell. Also called the sheath of Schwann.

34
Q

Neurology

A

The study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

35
Q

Neuropathy

A

Any disorder that affects the nervous system but particularly a disorder of a cranial of spinal nerve. An example is facial neuropathy.

36
Q

Neurosecretory Cells

A

A neuron that secretes a hypothalamic-releasing hormone or inhibiting hormone into blood capillaries of the hypothalamus; a neuron that secretes oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone into blood capillaries of the posterior pituitary.

37
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that changes the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.

38
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. Also called noradrenaline.

39
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

A neuroglial cell that supports neurons and produces a myelin sheath around axons of neurons of the CNS.

40
Q

Parasympathetic

A

One of the 2 main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in nuclei in the brainstem and in the lateral gray horn of the sacral portion of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with activities that conserve and restore body energy. Also known as the craniosacral division.

41
Q

Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)

A

The part of the nervous system that lies outside the CNS, consisting of nerves and ganglia.

42
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

The nerve cell that is activated by the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse

43
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

A neuron that propagates nerve impulses towards a synapse

44
Q

Purkinje Cells

A

Muscle Fiber (cell) in the ventricular tissue

45
Q

Rabies

A

A fatal disease caused by a virus that reaches the CNS via fast axonal transport. It is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected dog or other meat-eating animals. The symptoms are excitement, aggressiveness, and madness, followed by paralysis and death

46
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Flat neuroglial cell that surrounds cell bodies of peripheral nervous system ganglia to provide structural support and regulate the exchange of material between a neuronal cell body and interstitial fluid

47
Q

Schwann Cell

A

A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath and neurolemma around a nerve axon by wrapping around the axon in a jelly-roll fashion. Also called a neurolemmocyte.

48
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Neuron that carries sensory information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain. Also called an afferent neuron

49
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A

The portion of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to skeletal muscles

50
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

One of the 31 pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal cord from posterior and anterior roots

51
Q

Stimulus

A

Any stress that changes a controlled condition; any change in the internal or external environment that excites sensory receptors, a neuron, or a muscle fiber.

52
Q

Sympathetic

A

One of the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), having cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the lateral gray columns of the thoracic segment and the first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with processed involving the expenditure of energy. Also called the thoracolumbar division

53
Q

Synapse

A

The functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical

54
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

The narrow gap at a chemical synapse that separates the axon terminal of one neuron from another neuron or muscle fiber (cell) and across which a neurotransmitter diffuses to affect the postsynaptic cell

55
Q

Synaptic End Bulbs

A

Expanded distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles. Also called a synaptic knob

56
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Membrane-enclosed sac in a synaptic end bulb that stores neurotransmitters

57
Q

Tract

A

A bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system

58
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Degeneration of the portion of the axon and myelin sheath of a neuron distal to the site of injury

59
Q

White Matter

A

Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord

Human A&P (B) (1 decks)

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