Mid Term 1 (Oct 21) Flashcards
Enjoy the history. Enjoy the richness of what is happening around you, of what has happened around you to get everything to be like it is. It is beautiful beyond words. See that beauty, see the pain, the evil, the strategy, the defeat, the desires. Most of all, see that it is all connected in a natural way.
How many physiographic regions are there in Canada?
There are 6.
Name and describe the first myth of pre-contact North America.
The pristine Myth
That North American land was untouched wilderness. Undeveloped natural environment. It naturalizes indigenous peoples by comparing the invasiveness of European settlement/civilization with that of indigenous peoples. Simply that indigenous peoples were very in touch with and conscious of the land.
Used by European settlers to justify and celebrate their conquests. By making them a part of wilderness (less sophisticated and more primitive) made it easier to expand.
Name and describe the two parts of the second myth of pre-contact North America.
1) The Noble savage AKA ecological Indian myth or hunter-gatherer
“Indigenous people lived in peace and harmony with nature” The idea of a utopian existence
“Social peace as well”
Makes it more desirable in industrial times to colonize this utopia.
2) The Ignoble Savage
Indigenous people seen as barbaric, uncivilized and less advanced. “dirty, cruel, corrupt, even evil”
Why do we study these myths?
Because they justified European Imperialistic goals.
What are reasons the Pristine Myth was wrong?
1) Dense populations existed with well developed communities.
2) Humanized landscapes (controlled forests, creation of grasslands, earthworks, roads, fields etc.) EX. buffalo head smashed in jump.
3) Manipulated resources. (planted trees (walnuts), fire used to promote growth of certain plants)
4) Disrupted wildlife. (There was often a lot of waste from hunting practices of Bison)
What are reasons the Noble/Ignoble Savage Myth was wrong?
Indigenous communities could range from egalitarian to stratified. They were intelligent… There were many exchanges: of ideas, goods, technology, etc…
When did the Brits capture Quebec?
September, 1759
What were the battles in North America?
The most vicious part of battles between imperial superpowers of the day.
How, why, and when did the French reclaim Louisbourg?
The Aix-La-Chappelle treaty in 1748 where the French conceded conquests in India and the Netherlands. This treaty also ended the war of Austrian succession. Because it was a very strategic place to remain dominant in the fisheries of the area BUT MOSTLY so that trade could reach interior where French settlements were suffering. New English were pissed because this was a great opportunity to monopolize Canada.
When was the war of Austrian Succession? Significance?
1744-48. No male Austrian heir-throne. Brits and French see conflict in Europe as opportunity to advance in NA.. Brits attack Louisburg to monopolize fisheries and to blockade St Lawrence.
Why did the first French attempt to reclaim fallen Louisburg fail?
A year after losing it, French send a naval expedition of 60 vessels to attack Louisbourg, but the mission was plagued with problems, and a dominant British naval counter-attack turned them around.
Identify and significance of British blockade of St Lawrence.
Prevented the trade of French interior settlements with France. Weakened them. Weakened trade and alliances with Indigenous because they couldn’t provide. Indigenous turned to Brits. Forces French to adopt guerilla-style warfare on Brits. SEE massacre of Grand Pré.
Massacre of Grand Pré.
Following Brit blockade of St Law., French and Indigenous attack Brits in their sleep, killing 70 men.
Massacre of Grand Pré.
Following Brit blockade of St Law., French and Indigenous attack Brits in their sleep, killing 70 men. The Brits were already suspicious of Acadians, but now deported them.
Halifax and indigenous peace treaties.
Brit peace treaties w Indigenous didn’t work because indigenous had seen treatment down south. Are frequently raided by Miqmaq.
FRENCH PAY MIQMAQ AND ACADIANS FOR BRIT SCALPS
Encouraging conflict and Acadians are in tough spot.
Acadian Deportation.
Acadian “Neutrality” is no longer supported by English and they are sent off. The lack of Acadians cripples Louisbourg’s supply network and makes it vulnerable to attack from Brits as Indigenous allies are weakened as well. Louisbourg falls to Brits in 1758
7 years war
1756-1763
Driven by commercial and imperial rivalries of F and B. As well as tensions between their allies.
French tactics: Conventional (Montcalm vs Vaudreuil) Guerrilla
French used small groups led by Indigenous or Canadians to tie down Brit communities. V effective.
No big battlefields
Brits request 20 000 troops
Canadian Militiamen
Age 16-60 men automatically incl. Trained monthly and conscripted for guerrilla warfare
20 000 men
Sent along w resources by PM Pitt.
Allow Brits to take Louisbourg and block St. Law.
Take other forts and French blow up another b4 retreating
