Mid-Term #1

Question 1

Thirty Years War

Answer 1

(1618-1648) Beginning as a conflict between Protestants, and catholics in Germany, this series of skirmishes escalated into a general european war fought on German soil by armies from Sweden, France, and the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 2

Absolutism

Answer 2

Form of government in which one body, usually the monarch, controls the right to make war, tax, judge, and coin money. The term was often used to refer to the state monarchies in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe. In other countries the end of feudalism is often associated with the legal abolition of serfdom, as in Russia in 1861

Question 3

Jean Bodin

Answer 3

(1530-1596) A French Political philosopher whose Six Books of the Commonwealth advanced a theory of absolute sovereignty, on the grounds that the state’s paramount duty is to maintain order and that monarchs should therefore exercise unlimited power

Question 4

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 4

(1588-1679) English political philosopher whose Leviathan argued that any form of government capable of protecting it’s subjects lives and property might act as an all-powerful sovereign. This government should be allowed to trample over both liberty and property for the sake of its own survival and that of his subjects. For in natural state, Hobbs argued, man was like “a wolf” toward other men.

Question 5

Triangular Trade

Answer 5

the Eighteenth-century commercial atlantic shipping pattern that took rum from New England to Africa, traded it for slaves taken to the West Indies, and brought sugar back to New England to be processed into rum.

Question 6

Enlightenment

Answer 6

Intellectual movement in eighteenth-century Europe, that believed in human betterment thorough the application of reason to solve social, economic, and political problems.

Question 7

Francis Bacon

Answer 7

(1561-1626) British Philosopher and scientist who pioneered the scientific method inductive reasoning. In other words, he argued that thinkers should amass many observations than draw general conclusions or propose theories on the basis of this data.

Question 8

John Locke

Answer 8

(1632-1704) English Philosopher and political theorist know for his contributions to liberalism. Locke had a great faith in human reason, and believed that just societies were those which infringed the least on the natural rights and freedoms of individuals. This led him to assert that a governments legitimacy depended on the consent of the governed, a view that had a profound effect on the authors of the United States’ Declaration of Independence.

Question 9

Voltaire

Answer 9

Pseudonym of French philosopher and satirist Francois marie arouet (1694-1778) who championed the cause of human dignity against state and church oppression. Noted deist and author of Candide

Question 10

Tabula Rasa

Answer 10

termed used by John Locke (1632-1704) to descirbe man’s mind before he acquired ideas as a result of experience; latin for clean slate. Come out of the great fear.

Question 11

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 11

(1712-1778) philosopher and radical political theorist whose (1762) Social Contract attacked privileged and inequality. One of the primary principles of Rousseau’s political philosophy is that politics and morality should not be separated. Helps jump start of enlightenment ideas.

Question 12

French Revolution of 1789

Answer 12

In 1788, a sever financial crisis forced the French monarchy to convene an assembly known as the Estates General, representing the three estates of the realm: the clergy, the nobility, and the commons (known as the third estate). When the Estates General met in 1789, representatives of the third estate demanded major constitutional changes, and when the king and his government proved uncooperative, the Third Estate broke with the other two estates and renamed themselves the National assembly, demanding a written constitution. The position of the National Assembly was confirmed by a popular uprising in Paris and the King was forced to accept the transformation of France into a constitutional monarchy. This constitutional phase of the revolution lasted until 1872, when the pressure of foreign invasion and the emergence of a more radical revolutionary movement caused the collapse of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in France.

Question 13

Louis XIV

Answer 13

Called the “Sun King”, he was know for his success at strengthening the institutions of the French absolutist state

Question 14

Estates General

Answer 14

the representative body of the three estates in France. In 1789, King Louis XIV

Question 15

Abbe Sieyes

Answer 15

(1748-1836) in 1789, he wrote the pamphlet “What is the third estate?” in which he posed fundamental questions about the rights of the Third Estate and helped provoke its secession from the Estates-General. He was a leader at the Tennis Court Oath, but he later help Napoleon seize power.

Question 16

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 16

(1789) Oath taken by representatives of the Third Estate in June, 1789 in which they pledged to form a National Assembly and write a constitution limiting the powers of the king.

Question 17

The National Assembly

Answer 17

Governing body of France that succeeded the Estates-General in 1789 during the French Revolution. It was composed of, and defined by, the delegates of the third estate.

Question 18

Bastille

Answer 18

The Bastille was a royal fortress and prison in Paris. In June of 1789, a revolutionary crowd attacked the Bastille to show support for the newly created National Assembly. The fall of the Batille was the first instance of the people’s role in revolutionary changes in France.

Question 19

Great Fear

Answer 19

(1789) following the outback of revolution in Paris, fear spread throughout the French countryside, as rumors circulated that armies of brigands or royal troops were coming. The peasants and villagers organized into militias, while others attacked and burned the manor houses in order to destroy the records of manorial duties.

Question 20

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Answer 20

(1789) French charter of liberties formulated by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. The seventeen articles later became the preamble to the new constitution, which the assembly finished in 1791.

Question 21

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Answer 21

Noted work of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), English Republican who applied enlightenment political ideas to issue of gender

Question 22

Committee of Public Safety

Answer 22

Political body during the French Revolution that was controlled by the Jacobins, who defended the revolution by executing thousands during the Reign of Terror (September 1793-July 1794)

Question 23

Terror

Answer 23

(1793-1794) Campaign at the height of the French Revolution in which violence, including systematic executions of opponents of the revolution, was used to purge France of its “enemies” and to expand the revolution beyond its borders; radicals executed as many as 40,000 persons who were judged enemies of the state. Downside of letting people who are oppressed get power.

Question 24

Directory

Answer 24

(1795-1799) Executive committee that governed after the fall of Robespierre and held control until the coup of Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 25

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 25

(1769-1821) Corsican-born French general who seized power and ruled as dictator from 1799 to 1814. After the successful conquest of much of Europe, he was defeated by Russian and Prussian forces and died in exile.

Question 26

Coup d’etat

Answer 26

French term for the overthrow of an established government by a group of conspirators, usually with military support

Question 27

Congress of Vienna

Answer 27

(1814-1815) International conference to reorganize Europe after the down fall of Napoleon and the French Revolution. European monarchies restored the Bourbon family to the French throne, agreed to respect each other’s borders and to cooperate in guarding against future revolutions and war. Balance of Power.made sure land was equal Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain, France

Question 28

Romanticism

Answer 28

Beginning in Germany and England in the late 18th century and continuing up to the end of the 19th century, romanticism was a movement in art, music, and literature that countered the rationalism of the Enlightenment by placing greater value on human emotions and the power of nature to stimulate creativity.

Question 29

Liberalism

Answer 29

Political and social theory that judge the effectiveness of a government in terms of its ability to protect individual rights. Liberals support representatives forms of government, free trade, freedom of speech and religion. In the economic realm, liberals believe that individuals should be free to engage in commercial or business activities without interference from the state or their community

Question 30

Socialism

Answer 30

political ideology that calls for a classless society with collective ownership of all property.

Question 31

William Wordsworth

Answer 31

(1770-1850) Romantic writer whose central themes were nature, simplicity, and feeling. He considered nature to be man’s most trustworthy teacher and source of sublime power that nourished the human soul.

Question 32

Lord Byron

Answer 32

(1788-1824) writer and poet whose life helped give the Romantics there reputation as rebels against conformity. He was know for his love affairs, his defense of working-class movements, and his passionate engagement in politics, which led to his death in the war for Greek independence.

Question 33

William Blake

Answer 33

(1757-1827) Romantic writer who criticized industrial society and factories. He championed the imagination and poetic vision, seeing both as transcending the limits of the material world.

Question 34

Karl Marx

Answer 34

(1818-1883) German philosopher and economist who believed that a revolution of the working classes would overthrown the capitalist order and create a classless society. Author of Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto.

Question 35

Nationalism

Answer 35

Movement to unify a country under one government based on perceptions of the population’s common history, customs, and social traditions.

Question 36

Decemberist

Answer 36

Russian Army officers who were influenced by events in France and formed secrete societies that espoused liberial governance. They were put down by Nicholas I in december 1825

Question 37

French Revolution of 1830

Answer 37

The French popular revolt against Charles X’s July Ordinances of 1830, which dissolved French Chamber of Deputies and restricted suffrage to exclude almost everyone except the nobility. After several days of violence, Charles abdicated the throne and was replaced by a constitutional monarch.

Question 38

French Revolution of 1848

Answer 38

Revolution overthrowing Louis Philippe in February, 1848, leading to the formation of the Second Republic (1848-1852). Initially enjoying broad support from both the middle classes and laborers in Paris, the new government became more conservative after elections in which the French pleasantry participated for the first time. A workers’ revolt was violently repressed in June, 1848, and in December 1848, Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected president. In 1852, Louis-Napoleon declared himself emperor and abolished the republic.

Question 39

Bourgeoisie

Answer 39

Term for the middle class derived from the French word for a town-dweller

Question 40

Otto Von Bismarck

Answer 40

(1815-1898) The prime minister of Prussia and later the first chancellor of a unified Germany, Bismarck was the architect of German unification and helped to consolidate the new nations economy and military power. Used war as diplomatic tool. one of the founding fathers diplomacy. His successes become his actions. he eliminates his enemies. important because it unstable congress of vienna. Started nationalism creating your own nation start your own control borders of states.

Question 41

Jacobins

Answer 41

Radical French political group during the French Revolution that took power after 1792, executed the French king, and sought to remake French culture. Napoleon was one committee of public safety for being one.

Question 42

Louis XVI

Answer 42

(1754-1793) Well-meaning but ineffectual king of France, finally deposed and executed during the French Revolution.

Question 43

Napoleon III

Answer 43

(1808-1873) Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III was elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848 and made himself emperor of France in 1852. During his reign (1852-1870) he rebuilt the French capitol of Paris. Defeated in the France-Prussian War of 1870, went into exile.

Question 44

Napoleon’s Military Campaigns

Answer 44

In 1805, the Russians, Prussians, Austrians, Swedes, and British attempted to contain Napoleon, but he defeated them. Out of his victories, Napoleon created a new emperor and affiliated states. in 1808, he invaded Spain, but fierce resistance prevented Napoleon from achieving a complete victory. In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia, and his army was decimated as it retreated from Moscow during the winter. After the Russian Campaign, the united European powers defeated Napoleon and forced him into exile. He escaped and reassumed command of his army, but the European powers defeated him for the final time at the battle of Waterloo.

Question 45

Napoleonic Code

Answer 45

Legal code drafted by Napoleon in 1804 and based on Justinian’s Corpus Iuris Civils. It distilled different legal traditions to create one uniform law. The code confirmed the abolition of feudal privileges of all kinds and set the conditions for exercising property rights.

Question 46

Louis Blanc

Answer 46

(1811-1882) Utopian Socialist, and a French politician and journalist, campaigned for universal male suffrage with an eye to giving working class men control of the state. Wanted to eliminate middle men who scoop up profits.

Question 47

Wolfgang Von Goethe

Answer 47

(1749-1832) Romantic Poet wrote The Passions of Young Werther in 1774 which told a story of a young man’s failure in love and eventual suicide. The significance of the work was his ability to use easy to read language the longing that many middle-class readers felt for something more meaningful than a life lived in strict laws with social expressions.

Question 48

Flora Tristian

Answer 48

(1803-1844) A Charismatic Utopian Socialist who toured France speaking to workers about the principals of cooperation and the equality of men and women.

Question 49

Charles Fourier

Answer 49

(1772-1837) Utopian Socialist that tried to organize an utopian community based on the abolition of the wage system, the division of work according to people’s natural inclinations, the complete equality of the sexes, and collectively organized child care and household labor.

Question 50

Pleasantry

Answer 50

Term used in continental Europe to refer to rural populations that lived from agriculture. Some peasants were free, and could own land. Serfs were peasants who were legally bound to the land, and subject to the authority of the local lord.

Question 51

Franco Prussian War 1870

Answer 51

The final step in the completion of German unification. Bismarck hoped that a conflict with France would Arouse German nationalism. A quick war that began in July and ended in September with the defeat of France and capture of Napoleon III.

Question 52

Continental System

Answer 52

(1806) sought to starve Britain’s trade and force it’s surrender. It was Napoleon’s first serious mistake leading to his fall. The reasons for its failure is the British Naval blockade effectively countered Napoleon’s systems, The British developed a successful trade with South African, and The system ended up hurting the continent more than Britain itself which eroded public faith in Napoleon.

Question 53

Stedmans Suriname

Answer 53

Suriname is the state in south america were all the run away slaves go to hide out Stedman is mercenary sent out to retrieve the slaves, in suriname he changes his perspectives on have slaves were treated.

Question 54

Karls bad decrees

Answer 54

(1818) Rided out all radical ideas of universities in prussia, Goes back on napoleonic code. It controls controls what people say in the media. Censoring the media.

Question 55

Concert of europe

Answer 55

(1814-1815) made in the congress of vienna, so there is not another napoleon scenario. prevents full scale war across Europe

Question 56

Mercantilism

Answer 56

government involvement in trading. One company does most of the trade on the behalf monarchies. Government involvement in trade economics still happen today.

Question 57

June Days

Answer 57

June 24-26 1848 French revolutions of 1848, National work shops got closed and then the riot started national guard killed thousands. It led to the second Emperor and Napoleon III coming into power.

Question 58

Plebiscite

Answer 58

the manipulation of the majority were votes the and popular vote was isn’t the final decision and who is in charge the final decision maker.